英语文体学Chapter-4-Deep-Structure-Deviation

EnglishStylisticsChapter4Deep-StructureDeviationDeep-StructureDeviationDeepstructuredeviationreferstosemanticdeviation,whichmaybedefinedas“linguisticeffectsinvolvingsomethingoddinthecognitivemeaningofacertainlinguisticunit,e.g.,awordoraphrase.”(Leech)Deep-StructureDeviationContradiction1Deception3Ambiguity4Transference24.1ContradictionContradictionisatypeofsemanticdeviationwhichconveysself-conflictinginformation.Itcanbedividedintotwotypeswhicharetermedinrhetoricoxymoronandparadox.4.1ContradictionOxymoronis“theyokingtogetheroftwoexpressionswhichareincompatible,sothatincombinationtheyhavenoconceivableliteralreferencetoreality.”(Leech)E.g.CruelkindnessWhitedarknessTruelies无事忙deafeningsilenceamournfuloptimist4.1.1Oxymoron4.1ContradictionExample1Asthewretchedcreaturemumbledandchuckedinherhideousmerriment,theundertakerturnedtogoaway.(CharlesDickens,OliverTwist)4.1.1Oxymoron4.1ContradictionExample2Themajoragainpressedtohisblueeyesthetipsofthefingersthatweredisposedontheedgeofthewheeledchairwithcarefulcarelessness,aftertheCleopatramodelandMr.Dombeybowed.(CharlesDickens,DombeyandSon)4.1.1Oxymoron4.1ContradictionExample3HishonourrootedindishonourstoodAndfaithunfaithfulkepthimfalselytrue.(AlfredTennyson,LancelotandElaine)他那来源于不名誉的名誉依然如故，而那并不诚实的诚实保持虚伪的忠诚4.1.1Oxymoron4.1ContradictionExample4赠日本女郎最是那一低头的温柔，像一朵水莲花不胜凉风的娇羞，道一声珍重，道一声珍重，那一声珍重里有甜蜜的忧愁——沙扬娜拉！（徐志摩《沙扬娜拉十八首》）4.1.1Oxymoron4.1ContradictionAparadoxisastatementwhichisabsurdbecauseitisself-evidentlyfalse.E.g.Morehaste,lessspeed.永远的时尚就是反时尚。最危险的地方才是最安全的地方。4.1.2Paradox4.1ContradictionExample1Nurse:HisnameisRomeo,andaMontague.Theonlysonofyourgreatenemy.Juliet:Myonlylovesprungfrommyonlyhate.Tooearlyseenunknownandknowntoolate!Prodigiousbirthoflovethatitistome,ThatImustlovealoathedenemy.(WilliamShakespeare,RomeoandJuliet)4.1.2Paradox4.1ContradictionExample2Itwasabright,colddayinApril,andtheclockswerestrikingthirteen.(Orwell,NineteenEighty-Four)4.1.2Paradox4.1ContradictionGenerallyspeaking,oxymoronandparadoxaredevicesthatallowtheliterarywritertoexpressacertaintruthormessagethroughapparentfalsehood.4.1.2Paradox4.2TransferenceInliterature,transferenceofmeaningistheprocesswherebyliteraryabsurdityleadsthemindtocomprehensiononafigurativeplane.Transferenceinliteraturereferstosuchtraditionalfiguresofspeechassynecdoche,metonymyandmetaphor.4.2TransferenceSynecdocheisatypeoftransferenceofmeaningwhichinvolvesthesubstitutionofapartforthewhole,orwholeforthepart.4.2.1Synecdoche4.2TransferenceExample1Returntoher?...No,ratherIabjureallroofsandchoose…Tobeacomradewiththewolfandowl.(WilliamShakespeare,TheTamingoftheShrew)Example2Giveusthisdayourdailybread.(Mathew6:11)4.2.1Synecdoche4.2TransferenceExample3AndIbeganaquietlittlecampaignofpersuasionwithcertaineditors,seekingtoshowtheunlimitedpossibilitiesforeducationandamusement.Onewouldhavethoughtthatwewouldfindwillingearsonthepartofthenewspapers.---LeeDeForest4.2.1Synecdoche4.2TransferenceMetonymyalsoutilizessubstitution,butratherthanthesubstitutionofapartforwhole,orwholeforapart.Metonymyusesthesubstitutionofawordreferringtoanattributeofthethingthatismeant.4.2.2Metonymy4.2TransferenceExample1Dallaswonyesterday'sgame.Example2Theomeletleftwithoutpaying.4.2.2Metonymy4.2TransferenceExample3Thegloryofourbloodandstate,Areshadows,notsubstantialthings;Thereisnoarmouragainstfate;Deathlayshisicyhandonkings;SceptreandCrownMusttumbledownAndinthedustbeequalmadeWiththepoorcrookedScytheandSpade.(Shirley,TheGloriesofourBlood)4.2.2Metonymy4.2TransferenceInlanguage,ametaphorisarhetorictropewhereacomparisonismadebetweentwoseeminglyunrelatedsubjectswithoutusinglikeoras.Here,thefigurativemeaningisderivedfromtheliteralmeaning.4.2.3Metaphor4.2TransferenceExample1Itisanempireruledbyoneman…(Gold,MikeGoldReader)4.2.3Metaphor4.2TransferenceExample2Life’sbutawalkingshadow,apoorplayer……Itisataletoldbyanidiot……(Shakespeare,Macbeth)4.2.3Metaphor4.2TransferenceAmetaphor,accordingtoI.A.RichardsinThePhilosophyofRhetoric(1936),consistsofthreeparts:tenor,vehicleandground.Thetenoristhesubjecttowhichattributesareascribed.Thevehicleisthesubjectfromwhichtheattributesarederived.Thegroundisthesimilarityperceivedbetweentenorandvehicle.4.2.3MetaphorMetaphorhasbeenclassifiedintotypesindifferentways.Therearefivemaintypesofmetaphor,groupedpartlyinaccordancewithChapman’sorganization.4.2TransferenceTypesofMetaphorsA1)ExtendedmetaphorAnextendedmetaphorisonethatsetsupaprincipalsubjectwithseveralsubsidiaryfigurativeexpressions.Extendedmetaphormakesaninitialcomparisonandthendevelopsit,expandingtheauthor’sidea.（延喻即作出初次比较再扩展，以延伸作者的意图）。4.2TransferenceTypesofMetaphorsBExample1Hereyes,poolsoflove,wereripplingintenderness.Example2Aphotographerisacod,whichproducesamillioneggsinorderthatonemayreachmaturity.4.2TransferenceTypesofMetaphorsBExample3Alltheworld'sastage,AndallthemenandwomenmerelyplayersTheyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances;Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages…(WilliamShakespeare,AsYouLikeIt)4.2TransferenceTypesofMetaphorsB