被动语态一、构成被动语态由be+过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。各种时态的被动语态1)am/is/are+done(过去分词)一般现在时例Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.2)has/havebeendone现在完成时例Allthepreparationsforthetaskhavebeencompleted,andwe'rereadytostart.3)am/is/arebeingdone现在进行时例Anewcinemaisbeingbuilthere.4)was/weredone一般过去时例IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.5)hadbeendone过去完成时例Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeencompletedinBeijing.6)was/werebeingdone过去进行时例AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere.7)shall/willbedone一般将来时例Hundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactorycloses.8)should/wouldbedone过去将来时例Thenewswouldbesenttothesoldier'smotherassoonasitarrived.二、被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词+be+过去分词。例Thebabyshouldbetakengoodcareofbythebaby-sitter.2)接双宾语的动词的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况:①把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语,直接宾语仍保留原位;②把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语,此时,间接宾语前要加介词to或for。如:Hegavetheboyanapple.→Theboywasgivenanapple.(或Anapplewasgiventotheboy.不再是双宾结构)Herfatherboughtherapresent.→Shewasboughtapresentbyherfather.(或Apresentwasboughtforherbyherfather.不再是双宾结构)4)在使役动词have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。例Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改为Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.5)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。这类词包括:lookafter,talkabout,setup,putoff,putupwith,payattentionto,takecareof等。例ThemeetingistobeputofftillFriday.三、为何使用被动语态1.讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by短语)。例Mybikewasstolenlastnight.2.为了更好地安排句子。例Thewell-knownpersongotonthebusandwasimmediatelyrecognizedbypeople.(一个主语就够了)四、Itissaidthat+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+todosth.”。有:Itissaidthat…据说,Itisreportedthat…据报道,Itisbelievedthat…大家相信,Itishopedthat…大家希望,Itiswellknownthat…众所周知,Itisthoughtthat…大家认为,Itissuggestedthat…据建议。例Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.(=Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.)五、主动表被动的特殊用法1有些动词当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时,表示主语内在品质或性能,用主动表示被动,常见的有:write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如:Theclothwasheseasily.Thepenwritessmoothly.试比较:Thedoorwon'tlock.(指门本身有毛病)Thedoorwon'tbelocked.(指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因)2某些连系动词:look,feel,smell,taste,sound,prove,appear等,用主动表示被动,常接形容词或名词作表语。e.g.Yourideasoundsreasonable.Whathesaidprovedtobecorrect.3.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout,comeabout,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主动形式表示被动意义。例Howdothenewspaperscomeout?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?Thepartyturnedouttobeverysuccessful.Hisdreamwillcometruesoonerorlater.Ourfoodsupplyhasgivenout.4.在need,want,require,bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例Thehouseneedsrepairing(toberepaired).这房子需要修理。5.形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例Thepicture-bookiswellworthreading.(=Thepicture-bookisveryworthytoberead.)6.不定式在某些形容词后作状语且和句子的主语(或宾语)构成逻辑上的动宾关系时此类形容词包括:difficult,comfortable,pleasant,fit,interesting,unfit,light,heavy,dangerous,etc.Thesentenceiseasytounderstand.Shefoundtheproblemhardtodealwith.7.不定式作名词的后置定语,和被修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系,同时和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,不定式常用主动形式表被动含义:Shehadonlyacoldroomtolivein.Ihaveameetingtoattend.ShehasmanychildrentolookafterIgavehimacaketoeat8.在betodo结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表被动。下列动词用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:rent,blame,letWhoistoblameforstartingthefire?