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Chapter1名词和主谓一致一、名词1、名词的分类1）专有名词2）个体名词3）集体名词4）物质名词5）抽象名词*抽象名词具体化（见附1）2、名词的数1）不可数名词2）可数名词3）集体名词的数①可表单可表复②只能表示复数4）只有复数形式的名词5）单复数意义不同的词3、名词的格1）’s所有格的构成2）of所有格的构成3）双重所有格*易混名词辨析（见附2）二、主谓一致1、主谓一致的三原则1）语法一致原则：主单谓单，主复谓复e.g.Thenumberofmistakesissurprising.Theyarepraisedbyus.2）意义一致原则：着眼于内在含义而非外在语法形式e.g.Threemonthshaspassedsinceyouleft.Theoldareverywelltakencareofinourcity.3）就近原则：谓语动词和离他近的主语保持人称一致Or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalsoe.g.Notonlywebutalsothelittlegirlisfondofthegame.EitherIortheyareresponsiblefortheresultofthematter.2、主语的形式1）不定代词作主语①独立的不定代词作主语不定代词either\neither\each\one\theother\another\someone\anyone\somebody\something\anybody\anything\everyone\everybody\everything\nobody\noone\nothing等作主语时，谓语动词常作单数e.g.Noonelikestobelaughedat.Someoneiswaitingforyouattheschoolgate.②neither\eitherof…作主语+复数名词，谓语动词可单可复e.g.Eitherofthetwofilmsare\isinteresting.③all作主语主语指人时用复数，指全部事情时用单数e.g.Allarepresentatthemeeting.Allisgoingonverywell.④each⑤such作主语：根据其意义定e.g.Sucharethefilmsthatweareinterestedin.SuchisStephenHawking,whohassufferedagreatdealbutachievedsomuch2）集合名词作主语3）以复数形式结尾的特殊名词作主语①以-ics结尾的表学科的词作主语，谓语动词用单数：mathematics，physics②形式上是复数的专有名词作主语，谓语动词用单数：theUnitedStates③以-s结尾的海峡、山脉、群岛等作主语，谓语动词用复数：thePhilippines,theHumalayas4）单复同形5）含有修饰语的名词作主语①量词修饰的：看量词e.g.Thispairofglassesisveryexpensive.Thosepacketsofsweetsbelongtohim.②agroupof和acoupleof修饰的，谓语动词用复数e.g.Agroupofstudentsaregoingtotakethebustoschool.③quantity修饰的可数和不可数名词aquantityof单数Alargequantityofstorybookshasbeenboughtforthechildren.quantitiesof复数Quantitiesofmoneyareneededtoequiptheschool.④more(…)thanoneMorethanone+可数名词单数尽管意义上是复数，但因其中心词是单数，所以谓语动词用单数e.g.Morethanonepersonhasmadethesuggestion.More+可数名词复数+thanone谓语动词用复数e.g.Morestudentsthanoneareagainsttheproposal.⑤manya修饰：形单意复ManyascientisthasbeentryingtoresearchintotheSARSvaccine.⑥one(…)ortwooneortwo后接可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数e.g.Oneortwohoursareenoughforthiswork.a\an+可数名词单数+ortwo，谓语动词用单数e.g.Onetearortworollsdownherface.⑦百分数：看被修饰的词6）the+形容词作主语表一类人，用复数Theinjuredhavebeensenttothehospital.表个别或抽象概念，用单数Thenewissuretotaketheplaceoftheold.7）非谓语动词形式、从句作主语①非谓语动词形式作主语A.单独的不定式、动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数Topreventtheairfrombeingpollutediswhatwearenowresearching.B.多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念，谓语动词用单数；表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数。Togotobedearlyandtoriseearlyisagoodhabit.Toworkandtolivearetwodifferentthingsbuttheyarealwaystogether.②从句作主语：概念一致原则Whathesaysandactsdoesnotconcernme.Whathesaysandactsdonotagree.③表示度量、价格、时间、长度的复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数Tenyearshaspassedsincewesawlast.Fiveminutesistooshortformetodoit.8）并列结构作主语①用and连接不同事物用复数EnglishandChinesearequitedifferentlanguages.同一事物或概念用单数Aknifeandforkisneededforthedinner.*thepoetandthewriterthepoetandwriter②each…andeach…及every…andevery…类，谓语动词用单数Noemployerandnoemployeeknowshowtodealwithit.③就近原则3、其他情况的主谓一致1）假性主语With,togetherwith,alongwith,aswellas,like,suchas,asmuchas,nolessthan,ratherthan,including,besides,but,except,inadditionto等短语或单词后的主语被称为假性主语，句子的谓语动词由原主语而定，不受假性主语影响Theteacher,togetherwithsomestudents,isrunning.2）therebe句型：就近原则