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第1页共10页高中英语选修6Unit1ASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTINGArtisinfluencedbythecustomsandfaithofapeople.StylesinWesternarthavechangedmanytimes.AstherearesomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itwouldbeimpossibletodescribealloftheminsuchashorttext.Consequently,thistextwilldescribeonlythemostimportantones.StartingfromthesixthcenturyAD.TheMiddleAges(5thtothe15thcenturyAD)DuringtheMiddleAges,themainaimofpainterswastorepresentreligiousthemes.Aconventionalartistofthisperiodwasnotinterestedinshowingnatureandpeopleastheyreallywere.Atypicalpictureatthistimewasfullofreligioussymbols,whichcreatedafeelingofrespectandloveforGod.Butitwasevidentthatideaswerechanginginthe13thcenturywhenpainterslikeGiottodiBondonebegantopaintreligiousscenesinamorerealisticway.TheRenaissance(15thto16thcentury)DuringtheRenaissance,newideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedthoseheldintheMiddleAges.Peoplebegantoconcentratelessonreligiousthemesandadoptamorehumanisticattitudetolife.AtthesametimepaintersreturnedtoclassicalRomanandGreekideasaboutart.Theytriedtopaintpeopleandnatureastheyreallywere.Richpeoplewantedtopossesstheirownpaintings,sotheycoulddecoratetheirsuperbpalacesandgreathouses.Theypaidfamousartiststopaintpicturesofthemselves,theirhousesandpossessionsaswellastheiractivitiesandachievements.Oneofthemostimportantdiscoveriesduringthisperiodwashowtodrawthingsinperspective.ThistechniquewasfirstusedbyMasaccioin1428.Whenpeoplefirstsawhispaintings,theywere第2页共10页convincedthattheywerelookingthroughaholeinawallatarealscene.Iftherulesofperspectivehadnotbeendiscovered,noonewouldhavebeenabletopaintsuchrealisticpictures.Bycoincidence,oilpaintswerealsodevelopedatthistime,whichmadethecoloursusedinpaintingslookricheranddeeper.Withoutthenewpaintsandthenewtechnique,wewouldnotbeabletoseethemanygreatmasterpiecesforwhichthisperiodisfamous.Impressionism(late19htoearly20thcentury)Inthelate19thcentury,Europechangedagreatdeal,fromamostlyagriculturalsocietytoamostlyindustrialone.Manypeoplemovedfromthecountrysidetothenewcities.Thereweremanynewinventionsandsocialchangesalsoledtonewpaintingstyles.AmongthepainterswhobrokeawayfromthetraditionalstyleofpaintingweretheImpressionists,wholivedandworkedinParis.TheImpressionistswerethefirstpainterstoworkoutdoors.Theywereeagertoshowhowlightandshadowfellonobjectsatdifferenttimesofday.However,becausenaturallightchangessoquickly,theImpressionistshadtopaintquickly.Theirpaintingswerenotasdetailedasthoseofearlierpainters.Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbecameveryangryaboutit.Theysaidthatthepainterswerecarelessandtheirpaintingswereridiculous.ModernArt(29thcenturytotoday)Atthetimetheywerecreated,theImpressionistpaintingswerecontroversial,buttodaytheyareacceptedasthebeginningofwhatwecallmodernart.ThisisbecausetheImpressionistsencouragedartiststolookattheirenvironmentinnewways.Therearescoresofmodernartstyles,butwithouttheImpressionists,manyofthesepaintingstylesmightnotexist.Ontheonehand,somemodernartisabstract;thatis,thepainterdoesnotattempttopaintobjectsasweseethemwithoureyes,butinsteadconcentratesncertainqualitiesoftheobject,usingcolour,lineandshapetorepresentthem.Ontheotherhand,somepaintingsofmodernartaresorealisticthattheylooklikephotographs.Thesestylesaresodifferent.Whocanpredictwhatpaintingstylestherewillbeinthe第3页共10页future?西方绘画艺术简史艺术是受着人民生活习俗和信仰的影响的。西方的艺术风格经历了多次变革。由于西方的艺术风格多种多样，在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。因此本文只谈及从公元世纪以来最主要的几种艺术风格。中世纪公元世纪到世纪在中世纪画家的主要任务是把宗教的主题表现出来。一个传统的艺术家无意于如实地展现自然和人物。那个时期的典型的绘画充满了宗教的象特征体现出了对上帝的爱戴与敬重。但是很显然到了世纪时观念发生变化像乔托这样的画家开始以一种比较现实的风格来画宗教场景。文艺复兴时期世纪到世纪在文艺复兴时期新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。人们开始较少关注宗教主题而采取一种更人性化的生活态度。同时画家们回到了罗马、希腊的古典艺术理念上。他们力争如实地画出人物和自然。富人们想拥有自己的艺术品并用来装饰自己的高级宫殿和豪宅他们出价聘请著名艺术家来为自己画像画自己的房屋和其他财物以及他们的活动和成就。在此期间最重要的发现之一就是如何用透视法来画出事物。这一手法是年由马赛其奥第一次使用的。当人们第一次看到他的画时还以为是透过墙上的小洞来观看真实的场景并对此深信不疑。如没有发现透视法人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画。巧合的是这一时期油画颜料也得到了发展它使得绘画的色彩看上去更丰富、更深沉。没有新的颜料和新的绘画手法我们就不能看到很多使这一时代著名的杰作。印象派时期世纪后期到世纪初期世纪后期欧洲发生了巨大的变化从以农业为主的社会变成了以工业为主的社会。许多人从农村迁入到新城市。有着许多新发明还有许多社会变革。这些变革也自然而然地促成了新的绘画风格。在那些突破传统画法的画家中有生活和工作在法国巴黎的印象派画家。印象派画家是第一批室外写景的画家。他们急切地想把一天中不同时间投射到物体上的光线和阴影呈现出来。然而由于自然光的变化很快印象派画家们必须很快地作画因此他们的画就不像以前那些画家们的画那样细致了。起初许多人都不喜欢这种画法甚至还怒不可遏。他们说这些画家作画时漫不经心、粗枝大叶而他们的作品更是荒谬可笑。现代艺术世纪至今在印象派作品的创建初期它们是存在着争议的但是如今己被人们接受而成为现在我们所说的“现代艺术”的始祖了。这是因为印象派鼓励画家用一种崭新的视角看待他们的环境。如今现代艺术风格有好几十种然而如果没有印象派那么这许多不同的风格就不可能存在。;一方面有些现代艺术是抽象的也就是说画家并不打算把我们眼睛看到的东西如实地画出来而是集中展现物体的某些品质特性用色彩、线条和形状把它们呈现出来。而另一方面有些现代派的艺术作品却是那么写实看上去就像是照片。这些风格如此不同。谁能预言将来会有什么样的绘画艺术风格?Unit3ItisabeautifuldayhereandIamsittingunderthebigtreeattheendofthegarden.Ihavejustreturnedfromalongbikeridetoanoldcastle.ItseemsamazingthatatmyageIamstillfitenoughtocycle20kilometresinanafternoon.It'smybirthdayintwoweeks'timeandI’llbe82yearsold!IthinkmylongandactivelifemustbeduetothehealthylifeIlive.Thisbringsmetotherealreasonformyletter,mydeargrandson.Yourmothertellsmethatyoustartedsmokingsometimeagoandhowyouarefindingitdifficulttogiveitup.Believeme,Iknow第4页共10页howeasyitistobeginsmokingandhowtoughitistostop.Yousee,duringadolescenceIalsosmokedandbecameaddictedtocigarettes.Bytheway,didyouknowthatthisisbecauseyoubecomeaddicte