kemp-model

DiscoveringInstructionalDesign11:TheKempModelTheMorrison,RossandKempModel,morecommonlyknownastheKempModeldefinesdifferentelements–not“step,stage,level,orsequentialitem”(Morrison,Ross&Kemp2004,p.10)ofaninstructionaldesign,andemphasizestheadoptionofcontinuousimplementationandevaluationthroughtheinstructionaldesignprocess.AccordingtoMorrisonetal,thereareninekeyelementstoinstructionaldesign:1.Identifyinstructionalproblems,andspecifygoalsfordesigninganinstructionalprogram.2.Examinelearnercharacteristicsthatshouldreceiveattentionduringplanning.3.Identifysubjectcontent,andanalyzetaskcomponentsrelatedtostatedgoalsandpurposes.4.Stateinstructionalobjectivesforthelearner.5.Sequencecontentwithineachinstructionalunitforlogicallearning.6.Designinstructionalstrategiessothateachlearnercanmastertheobjectives.7.Plantheinstructionalmessageanddelivery.8.Developevaluationinstrumentstoassessobjectives.9.Selectresourcestosupportinstructionandlearningactivities.Theseelementsareindependentofeachother,inthattheydonotneedtobeconsideredinalinearfashionandthereisnoparticularstart-andendpoint.Theovalshapeofthismodel(seeFigure1)isconstructedtoconveytheideathatthedesignanddevelopmentprocessisaniterativecyclethatneedsconstantplanning,design,developmentandassessmenttoensureeffectiveinstruction.Figure1.TheMorrison-Ross-KempModel[Clicktoenlarge]Themodelissystemicandnonlinear;itencouragesdesignerstoworkinallareasofIDasappropriate.Theuseofovalsemphasizesthisflexibilityvisually;thegraphicaldesigncommunicatesacontinuousnon-linearcyclethatrequiresiterativeplanning,design,developmentandassessment.Theinneroval(surroundingthecore)illustratesthatrevision/formativeevaluationactivitiescanbeundertakenateachstageofthedevelopmentprocess,somethingthatisnotalwaysbuiltintoothermodels,usuallybecauseoftheconstraintsoftimeandmoney.Theouterovalincludesatypicalpost-instructionactivity(summativeevaluation)andalsohighlightsthreeelementsusuallyabsentfromothermodels–namelyprojectplanning,projectmanagement,andsupportservices.Thelatterarerequiredbothfortheprojectitselfwhileitisindevelopment,andafterwardstosupporttheactualinstruction.Wecansaythatitdescribesaholisticapproachtoinstructionaldesignthatconsidersallfactorsintheenvironment;thestartingpointandorderinwhichthedesigneraddressesthemisnotprescribed,thoughtheelementsinthemodelmayformalogicaldesignsequencewhenreadanti-clockwise(seeFigure2).Figure1.TheADDIEstepsappliedtotheM-R-KModel(afterMorrison,Ross&Kemp2004,p.29)[Clicktoenlarge]Theflexibilityofthisapproachisreinforcedbytheabsenceoflinesorarrowsthatwoulddictateaspecificdesignsequence(seeDickandCarey’sModel)asacomparison.AccordingtoPresenera(2002)theKempModelisdesignedtoprimarilytoappealto(classroom-based)teachers,whomaynothavespecificinstructionaldesignexperience.TheMorrison-Ross-Kempmodelhasthreecharacteristicsthatdifferentiateitfromsomeothermodels:instructionisconsideredfromtheperspectiveofthelearnerthemodeltakesageneralsystemsorevenobject-orientedviewtowardsinstructionaldevelopmentthemodelemphasizesmanagementoftheinstructionaldesignprocessUsingthemodelUsingthismodeltheinstructionaldesignerbeginsbyaskingsixquestionsrelatedtotheskillsorknowledgetobelearned:requiredleveloflearnerreadiness;instructionalstrategiesandmediathatarebemostappropriateforthecontentandthetargetpopulation;leveloflearnersupportrequired;measurementofachievement;andstrategiesforformativeandsummativeevaluation.(Morrison,Ross,andKemp,2004,p.4).BecauseofthelackofconnectivitybetweenelementsandthefacilityforIDstostartatanyplacewithinthemodel,adesignercanexaminetheentirescopeofaproject–orjustaseffectivelyworkonasinglelearningobjectorlesson.Usingthisclassroom-orientedmodel,anindividualwithlittleinstructionaldesignskillcandevelopapieceofinstructionusingfewornoadditionalresourcesandwithminimalfront-endanalysis.Similarly,thereisnorequirementtoconductformativeandsummativeevaluationonthefinalmaterials(GustafsonandBranch2002,p.16).Amoreexperienceddesigner(oronewithaccesstomoreresources)canalsousethismodelinthedesignofacomplexandwidely-distributedlearningprogram.Readmore:DiscoveringInstructionalDesign11:TheKempModel|E-LearningCurveBlogUnderCreativeCommonsLicense:AttributionNon-CommercialNoDerivatives