新材料与新能源研讨班-

新型功能炭素材料及其在能源领域中的应用邱介山精细化工国家重点实验室化工与环境生命学部炭素材料研究室Email:[e-mail]新材料与新能源开发和应用高级研修班Oct.20,2010outline1.能源材料简介2.纳米微米炭材料的选控制备研究富勒烯及类富勒烯多壁直型/竹节型/Y-型、单壁、双壁纳米碳管煤基微米碳球、微米炭纤维材料纳米碳管的应用－新型功能性纳米材料的合成（以纳米碳管为限域性反应器）3.基于纳米碳管自组装构筑微米炭材料4.结束语能源材料的重要性：确保人类可持续发展功能性高分子生命学科环境学科信息学科物理学科能源学科材料学科化学与化工化学：新物质发现与创制化工：先进制造过程与工艺资源节约型、环境友好型、循环经济、绿色制造、节能减排（农业、能源、信息、资源与环境、材料、人口与健康等）ResearchActivitiesofCarbonResearchLaboratoryatDalianUniversityofTechnologyHighPerformanceCarbonAdsorbents-preparationandapplications(carbonmolecularsieve,carbonfibercompositemolecularsieves,carbonmembranes,etc)AdsorptionSeparationTechnologyandSurfaceScience(adsorptionproperties,surfacemodification,etc)CarbonNano-andMicro-materials-preparation,characterizationandapplications(fullerenes,carbonnanotubes,carbonencapsulatednanomaterials,CNTcomposites,etc)Carbon-basednovelcatalystsandcatalysisreactionsPlasmachemistryandchemicalengineering(pyrolysisandgasificationofcoalunderplasmaconditions,etc)NovelNanomaterialsfromBiomaterialsHomepage:能源材料的定义和分类能源材料的概念/定义广义的说，凡是能源工业及能源技术所需的材料都是能源材料。在新材料领域，能源材料往往指那些正在发展的、可能支持建立新能源系统满足各种新能源及节能技术之特殊要求的材料。能源材料的分类能源材料的分类根据材料的种类：燃料（包括常规燃料、核燃料、合成燃料、炸药及推进剂等）、能源结构材料、能源功能材料等。按用途的不同：能源工业材料、新能源材料、节能材料、储能材料等。重要的新能源材料1.裂变反应堆材料，如铀、钚等核燃料、反应堆结构材料、慢化剂、冷却剂及控制棒材料等2.聚变堆材料：热核聚变燃料、第一壁材料、氚增值剂、结构材料等3.固体推进剂，高能推进剂（液体推进剂、固体推进剂）4.燃料电池材料：如电池电极材料、电解质等5.氢能源材料材料（固体储氢材料及其应用技术）6.超导材料：传统/高温超导材料及节能/储能应用技术7.太阳能电池材料8.其他新能源材料：风能/地热/磁流体发电所需的材料。组成与结构性能使用效能合成与制备PureCarbonMaterialsRESmalley,etal.,AmericanScientists,19951991Carbonnanotubesingle-walledmulti-walledDouble-walled1985FullerenesModelstructuresofnano-carbonsSWCNTMWCNTA:armchair;B:zigzag;C:chiralJWGWildoer,etal.Nature391,59(1998)Graphene:anewsuperstar!Grapheneisanone-atom-thickcarbonmaterial,withcarbonatomspackeddenselyinahexagonalhoneycomblattice.Grapheneisabasicbuildingblockforgraphiticmaterialsofallotherdimensionalities.Itcanbewrappedupinto0Dfullerenes,rolledinto1Dnanotubesorstackedinto3Dgraphite.A.K.Geim&K.S.Novoselov,Theriseofgraphene,Nat.Mater.6,183-191(2007).C60CarbonnanotubeGraphite12TheTrendofPapersonCarbon-basedNanomaterialsafterthefirstreportA.BrathandW.Marx,arXiv0808.3320(2008)13Discoveryofsingle-layergraphene1912articlesin2009DiscoveryofGraphene:MechanicalExfoliationA.K.GeimandK.S.Novoselov,etal.,Science306,666(2004)14SynthesisandtransfermethodSiO2SiHOPG3MScotch®tapeHighlyorientedpyrolyticgraphiteAndreGeim,KonstantinNovoselovTheNobelPrizeinPhysics20101.Micromechanicalexfoliation(Scotchtapemethod)•Smallflakesofsample,usefulforfundamentalstudy2.Epitaxialgraphene(EG)onSiC•Ultra-highvacuumandhighprocesstemperature(1000oC)•StrongcohesivestrengthofEG/SiCinterfaceandextremechemicalstabilityofSiCmakeitdifficulttotransferEGtoanothersubstrate•Maybemodifiedbysolid-phaseextractionmethod3.ChemicalVaporDeposition(CVD)4.ChemicalexfoliationSynthesisofGraphene15Trendofgraphenesynthesis•Directsynthesisofgrapheneonarbitrarysubstrate:notransferprocess.Transferprocessalwaysincreasesthedefectlevelofgraphene.•DirectSynthesisofgraphenenano-ribbon.Band-gapwillbeopenedinnarrowribbon(width10nm).•SynthesisofBN/graphenecomposite:band-gapopening.Theoreticalviewpointshavesuggestedthatitispossiblebutexperimentallyithasnotbeenachieved.•CleantransferprocessofCVDgraphene:lowerthedefectleveloftransferredgraphene.16Newnano-ormicro-sizedcarbonswithspectacularmorphologyA.Krishnanetal,Nature1997,388,451P.M.Ajayanetal,Nature2000,404,243G.Zhangetal,Science2003,300,472GraphiteBackminsterfullereneDiamondPolyyneCumuleneCarbyneAdamantanePolyacetyleneBenzeneFluoreneAnthraceneOvaleneCorannulenePropaneButadiynesp+2psp2+psp3PropenePropyne1-buten-3-yneCCarbonfamiliesDimensionalityCarbonfamilyBondingnatureZeroFullerenessp2+pC60,C70・・C240MolecularbehaviorOneCarbynesp+2plinearbondingvariouschainlengthsTwoGraphitesp2+playeredstructure,anisotropycrytallites,preferredorientationThreeDiamondsp3nopelectrons,threedimensionalstructureCurvedsp2Flatsp2NanotexturesGraphiteflakesKishgraphiteHOPGCokesCarbonfibersCarbonnanotubesCarbonblacksFullerenesGlass-likecarbonsVarietyofstructureBSUsorcrystallitessizesstructurealignmentnanotexturePeriodicclassificationforcarbonmaterialsPeriodYearsCarbonmaterialsdevelopedRemarksI~1960ArtificialgraphiteblocksActivatedcarbonsCarbonblacksMassproductionSaleineithertonsorkilogramsII1960~1985VariouscarbonfibersGlass-likecarbonsPyrolyticcarbonsHighdensityisotropicgraphitesIntercalationcompoundsVariouscomposites(CFRP,CFRC,etc.)Introductionofvarioustechniquesfortheproductionofcarbonmate-rials(e.g.,CVD,compositewithothermaterials,etc.Developmentsofnewapplications.Salemostlyingrams.III1985~FullerenesCarbonnanotubesNano-sizedSaleinmilligramsClassiccarbonsNewcarbonsNanocarbonsProposedschemeforclassificationofcarbonmaterials,includingnanocarbonsConventionalcarbonsNewly-developedcarbonsGraphiteelectrodesCarbonfibers(PAN-based,pitch-basedCarbonblacksandvaporgrown)ActivatedcarbonsHighlyorientedgraphite(HOPG,polyimide-derived)Porouscarbons(activatedcarbonfibers,molecularsievecarbon,etc.)Naturald