土木工程专业外语翻译

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土木工程专业外语翻译Lesson1CivilEngineering土木工程Civilengineering,theoldestoftheengineeringspecialties,istheplanning,design,construction,andmanagementofthebuiltenvironment.Thisenvironmentincludesallstructuresbuiltaccordingtoscientificprinciples,fromirrigationanddrainagesystemstorocket-launchingfacilities.土木工程,最老的工程专业,是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。Civilengineersbuildroads,bridges,tunnels,dams,harbors,powerplants,waterandsewagesystems,hospitals,schools,masstransit,andotherpublicfacilitiesessentialtomodernsocietyandlargepopulationconcentrations.土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统,医院、学校、公共交通系统,以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。Theyalsobuildprivatelyownedfacilitiessuchasairports,railroads,pipelines,skyscrapers,andotherlargestructuresdesignedforindustrial,commercial,orresidentialuse.他们也修建私人拥有的设施,如机场、铁路、水渠、高楼大厦,和为工业、商业、民用设计的其他大型建筑。Inaddition,civilengineersplan,design,andbuildcompletecitiesandtowns,andmorerecentlyhavebeenplanninganddesigningspaceplatformstohouseself-containedcommunities.spaceplatform=spacestation空间站,宇宙站self-contained(1)沉默寡言的(2)设备齐全的(3)(社会团体等)独立的此外,土木工程师规划、设计和修建整个城市和乡镇,最近已经开始规划和设计空间站以容纳独立的团体。ThewordcivilderivesfromtheLatinforcitizen.“土木”这个词是从拉丁语“citizen”派生而来。In1782,EnglishmanJohnSmeatonusedthetermtodifferentiatehisnonmilitaryengineeringworkfromthatofthemilitaryengineerswhopredominatedatthetime.1782年,英国人JohnSmeaton用这个术语来区分他的非军事工程项目和当时占统治地位的军事工程师的工程项目。Sincethen,thetermcivilengineeringhasoftenbeenusedtorefertoengineerswhobuildpublicfacilities,althoughthefieldismuchbroader.从那以后,土木工程这个术语已经被用来指那些修建公共设施的工程师们,尽管这个领域比以前更广。Becauseitissobroad,civilengineeringissubdividedintoanumberoftechnicalspecialties.因为土木工程的范围太广,所以它被细分为许多技术专业。Dependingonthetypeofproject,theskillsofmanykindsofcivilengineerspecialistsmaybeneeded.根据工程的类型,就需要土木工程师专家的各种技能。Whenaprojectbegins,thesiteissurveyedandmappedbycivilengineerswholocateutilityplacement--water,sewer,andpowerlines.当一项工程开始时,土木工程师要勘测现场并绘图,他们还要确定水管、污水管道和电线的实用布置。Geotechnicalspecialistsperformsoilexperimentstodetermineiftheearthcanbeartheweightoftheproject.岩土工程专家要做土壤实验以确定该土是否能承受这项工程的重量。Environmentalspecialistsstudytheproject’simpactonthelocalarea:thepotentialforairandgroundwaterpollution,theproject’simpactonlocalanimalandplantlife,andhowtheprojectcanbedesignedtomeetgovernmentrequirementsaimedatprotectingtheenvironment.环境专家要研究工程对当地区域的影响:潜在的空气污染和地下水污染,工程对当地动植物的影响,以及工程怎样设计才能满足政府对保护环境的要求。Transportationspecialistsdeterminewhatkindoffacilitiesareneededtoeasetheburdenonlocalroadsandothertransportationnetworksthatwillresultfromthecompletedproject.运输专家要确定需用什么类型的设施来减轻由完工的工程产生的荷载对当地道路和其他运输网带来的压力。Meanwhile,structuralspecialistsusepreliminarydatatomakedetaileddesigns,plans,andspecificationsfortheproject.同时,结构专家用初始资料来做工程的详细设计,规划和说明书。Supervisingandcoordinatingtheworkofthesecivilengineerspecialists,frombeginningtoendoftheproject,aretheconstructionmanagementspecialists.从工程开始到结束,监督和协调这些土木工程专家们工作的是施工管理专家。Basedoninformationsuppliedbytheotherspecialists,constructionmanagementcivilengineersestimatequantitiesandcostsofmaterialsandlabor,scheduleallwork,ordermaterialsandequipmentforthejob,hirecontractorsandsubcontractors,andperformothersupervisoryworktoensuretheprojectiscompletedontimeandasspecified.根据其他专家提供的信息,施工管理土木工程师要估计材料和劳动力的数量和成本,安排所有的工作,订购工作所需的材料和设备,雇承包商和转包人,以及做其他的监督管理工作以确保工程能按照说明按时完工。Throughoutanygivenproject,civilengineersmakeextensiveuseofcomputers.对于任何给定的工程,土木工程师都能广泛地利用计算机。Computersareusedtodesigntheproject’svariouselements(computer-aideddesign,orCAD)andtomanageit.计算机被用来设计工程的各个部分并进行管理。Computersareanecessityforthemoderncivilengineerbecausetheypermittheengineertoefficientlyhandlethelargequantitiesofdataneededindeterminingthebestwaytoconstructaproject.计算机对于现代土木工程师而言是必不可少的,因为它们可使工程师高效地处理大量数据,这些数据是在确定最优施工方案时所需要的。Inthisspeciality,civilengineersplananddesignstructuresofalltypes,includingbridges,dams,powerplants,supportsforequipment,specialstructuresforoffshoreprojects,theUnitedStatesspaceprogram,transmissiontowers,giantastronomicalandradiotelescopes,andmanyotherkindsofprojects.在这个专业里面,土木工程师规划和设计所有类型的结构,包括桥梁、大坝、电站、设备的支撑、近海工程的特殊结构、美国的太空计划、传输塔、巨型天文望远镜和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他工程。Usingcomputers,structuralengineersdeterminetheforcesastructuremustresist:itsownweight,windandhurricaneforces,temperaturechangesthatexpandorcontractconstructionmaterials,andearthquakes.结构工程师用计算机确定结构必须抵抗的力:自重、风力、引起建筑材料膨胀或收缩的温度变化以及地震力。Theyalsodeterminethecombinationofappropriatematerials:steel,concrete,plastic,stone,asphalt,brick,aluminum,orotherconstructionmaterials.他们还确定适当的材料组合:钢材、混凝土、塑料、石料、沥青、砖、铝或其他的建筑材料。Civilengineersinthisspecialtydealwithallaspectsofthephysicalcontrolofwater.在这个专业的土木工程师处理水的自然调节的各个方面。Theirprojectshelppreventfloods,supplywaterforcitiesandforirrigation,manageandcontrolriversandwaterrunoff,andmaintainbeachesandotherwaterfrontfacilities.他们的工程帮助阻挡洪水,为城市和灌溉系统供水,管理和控制河流流量,维修河滩和其他滨水区的设施。Inaddition,theydesignandmaintainharbors,canals,andlocks,buildhugehydroelectricdamsandsmallerdamsandwaterimpoundmentsofallkinds,helpdesignoffshorestructures,anddeterminethelocationofstructuresaffectingnavigation.此外,他们还设计和维修港口、运河和船闸,修建大型水力发电大坝和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