Writing--Paragraph(上课)

WritingaParagraph1.Whatisaparagraph?Aparagraphisacollectionofrelatedsentencesdealingwithasingletopic.1)Whydoesanessayusuallyhaveseveralparagraphs?forabetterlogicalconstructionandsmoothdeliveryofideasstepbystep.2)Whatmakesagoodparagraph?Tobeaseffectiveaspossible,aparagraphshouldcontaineachofthefollowingtraitsorelements:unity,coherence,atopicsentence,adequatedevelopment,abriefconclusion.Unity:Theentireparagraphshouldconcernitselfwithasinglefocus.Ifitbeginswithafocusormajorpointofdiscussion,itshouldnotendwithanotherorwanderwithindifferentideas.1.UnityTopic/Theme/Controllingidea(主题句,即主题思想)a.Stickorholdtothetopic;b.NoirrelevantsentencesMynameisRoseanna,andIliketokeepphysicallyfit.Iusedtoweightwohundredpounds,butIjoinedtheYMCAforanexerciseclassanddietprogram.InoneyearIlosteightypounds.Ifeelmuchbetterandneverwanttohavethatmuchweightonmyfive-feetframeagain.Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek.EverydayIpracticejoggingthreemiles,swimmingfifteenlaps,liftingtwenty-poundweightsandplayingtennisforonehour.Mymotherwasaprematurebaby.AnalysisControllingidea:“Iliketokeepphysicallyfit.”Irrelevantsentences:a.“Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek”b.“Mymotherwasaprematurebaby”Coherence:Coherencehelpstomaketheparagrapheasilyunderstandabletoareader.Youcanhelpcreatecoherenceinyourparagraphsbycreatinglogicalbridges逻辑的衔接andverbalbridges词汇的衔接.Coherence:内容连贯则要求句子条理清晰，层次结构清楚。与句之间有内在的逻辑关系。这些关系可以通过各种连词来表示。如：举例：forexample(instance),namely,inparticular顺序：first(ly),second(ly),firstofall,tobeginwith,lastly,finally递进：furthermore,inaddition,moreover,what’smore,notonly…butalso…转折：however,but,although,despite,onthecontrary,whereas,yet,inspiteof,unfortunately因果：because,since,as,while,so,therefore,asaresult,thus,consequently,accordingly,hence总结：inconclusion,inaword,insummary,tosumup对应：ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,inthesameway,likewise,meanwhile,while,similarly,incontrast文章读起来顺是否顺畅，很大程度上取决于连词和过渡词的适当运用。另外，还需注意没有过渡词的段落会显得松散，因为过渡词起到的是“启”、“承”、“转”、“合”的作用。ParagraphStructureGo=TopicSentenceContinue=SupportingDetailsStop=ClosingSentenceAtopicsentenceAtopicsentenceisasentencethatindicatesinageneralwaywhatideaorthesistheparagraphisgoingtodealwith.Itsummarizesthemainideaoftheparagraphandindicatestothereaderswhatyourparagraphwillbeabout.TopicsentenceLivingoncampusisbeneficialtocollegestudents’lifeandstudies.Topic:LivingoncampusControllingidea:isbeneficialtocollegests’lifeandstudies.PointoutthetopicsandcontrollingideasofthefollowingtopicsentencesThestudentsatmyschoolcomefrommanydifferentbackgrounds.Myschooloffersmanydifferentmajors.Apersoncanlookforajobinseveraldifferentways.TherearemanyadvantagesanddisadvantagestothefastfoodrestaurantschainsintheUSA.BasketballisfarlessdangerousthanAmericanfootball.E.g.TherearethreereasonswhyCanadaisoneofthebestcountriesintheworld.First,Canadahasanexcellenthealthcaresystem.AllCanadianshaveaccesstomedicalservicesatareasonable/anaffordableprice.Second,Canadahasahighstandardofeducation.Studentsaretaughtbywell-trainedteachersandareencouragedtocontinuestudyingatuniversities.Finally,Canada'scitiesarecleanandefficientlymanaged.Canadiancitieshavemanyparksandlotsofspaceforpeopletolive.Asaresult,Canadaisadesirableplacetolive.Themostbeautifulfloweristherosebecauseitcomesinsomanydifferentcolors.Anotherbeautifulfloweristhedaisywhichsometimesgrowswild.Springflowersliketulips,daffodils,andcrocusesarealsoverypretty.Whichofthefollowingtopicsentencesisthebestonefortheaboveparagraph?A.Don’tyoujustlovespring?B.Theroseisthemostlovedflowertheworldover.C.Therearemanylovelyflowerstoconsiderforyourgarden.ThepositionofthetopicsentenceThetopicsentenceisusuallyfoundatthebeginningoftheparagraph,butcancomeattheendoreveninthemiddleoftheparagraph.Itisalsopossiblethatnotopicsentenceistobefoundinaparagraphbutthemainideaisimpliedinit.Noonecanavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements.Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,wearenolongerfreetochoosethethingswewant,foradvertisingexertsasubtleinfluenceonus.Intheireffortstopersuadeustobuythisorthatproduct,advertisershavemadeaclosestudyofhumannatureandhaveclassifiedallourlittleweaknesses.ThepositionofthetopicsentenceNowlet’slookataninterestingexamplewithcolor.Ifyouownabluecar,andyouknowitisblueevenifitisinbrightsunlight,indarknessorunderayellowstreetlight.Youreyestellyouthatitchangedcolorinthesedifferentsituations,butyourbrainknowsbetter.Youhavelearntthatcarsdon’tchangecolorallthetime,andsoyourbraininterpretstheinformationyoureyesgiveyou.ThepositionofthetopicsentenceMyparentshavegoneoutfortheevening.JustasIsettledowntoreadorwatchTVmylittlebrotherdemandsthatIplaywithhim.IfIgetatelephonecall,hescreamsinthebackgroundorknockssomethingover.Ialwayshavetohanguptofindoutwhat’swrongwithhim.Baby-sittingwithmybrotherisnofun.Herefusestoletmeeatasnackinpeace.UsuallyhewantshalfofwhateverIhavetoeat.Then,whenhefinallygrowstired,ittakesaboutanhourforhimtofallasleep.Thepositionofthetopicsentenceb.AdequatedevelopmentThetopic(whichisintroducedbythetopicsentence)shouldbediscussedfullyandadequately.Thesentencestodevelopthetopicorsuppor