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文体学复习1、Style:Mannersindicatingprominentlinguisticfeatures,devicesorpatterns,most(orleast)frequentlyoccurinaparticulartextofaparticularvarietyoflanguage.(有许多种，此为inthisbook,general,linguistic-oriented),P52、Stylistics:isabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesinascientificandsystematicwayconcerningthemanners/linguisticfeaturesofdifferentvarietiesoflanguageatdifferentlevels.•Literarystylistics:concentratessolelyonuniqueandoveralllinguisticfeaturesofthevariousgenresofliterature.（考点）★★ThedevelopmentofstylisticsThescopeofstudyThreecrucialaspectsofspeech:①Substances[soundsandsymbols];②Form;③Situation3、Stylisticanalysis:isgenerallyconcernedwiththeuniquenessofatext(whatispeculiartotheuseoflanguageinagiventextfordeliveringthemessage).Thisnaturallyinvolvescomparisonsofthelanguageofthetextwiththatusedinconventionaltypesofdiscourse.Stylisticiansmayalsowishtocharacterizethestyleofagiventextbysystematicallycomparingthelanguageusesinthattextwiththoseinanother.Thus,wemayconcludethatstylisticanalysisisanactivitywhichishighlycomparativeinnature.Practice5.Analyzethefollowingtext.Policeman:What’syourname,boy?Blackpsychiatrist:Dr.Poussiant.I’maphysician.Policeman:What’syourfirstname,boy?Blackpsychiatrist:Alvin.•Theword‘boy’maybeusedtoaddressamaleinferior.Inaboveconversation,theformisusedtoaddressaphysician,whoisusuallyaccordedhighrespectintheUSandisaddressedas‘Dr.So-and-so’(Title+Surname).Insistentlyusingtheform‘boy’,thewhitepolicemanshowshisracistcontemptofandprejudiceagainsttheblackpeople.4、Linguisticdescription:referstotheexplorationandclassificationoflinguisticfeaturesofagiventext.★每个category下面的各个分类(1)ThePhonologyCategory:Phonologyhereisusedtorefertothesystemofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(2)TheLexicalCategory:Lexisisusedheretorefertothechoiceofwords.(3)TheSyntactic/Grammatical/Category:Syntaxisusedheretorefertorulesfororderingandconnectingwordsintosentences.(4)SemanticCategory:Semanticsisusedheretorefertothemeaningofwords,expressions,etc.andbywhatmeansthemeaningisconveyedfromtheaddressertotheaddressee.Procedureoflinguisticdescription1)Worksystematicallythroughthetextandnotedownpointswefeelofsomestylisticsignificancerespectivelyunderthevariousheadings.2)Quantifythefrequencyofalinguisticfeature.3)Assesstheimportanceofstylisticfeatures.4)Makestatementsabouttheoveralllinguisticpictureofthetextinquestion,bringingtogetherdiversefeaturestoshowhowtheyformacoherent,integratedpattern,andmakingjudgmentsaboutorinterpretingthesignificanceofsuchpatternsinrelationtothecontextofthetextasawhole.5、（1）Text:Atextisanypassage,spokenorwritten,ofwhateverlength,thatformsaunifiedwhole.Atextisthenasemanticunit,aunitnotonlyofform,butalsoofmeaning.Atextisrealizedbyasequenceoflanguageunits,whethertheyaresentencesornot.Cohesivedevices:ImplicitconnectivityExplicitconnectivity1)Transitionalwords/phrases2)Grammaticaldevice①Ellipsis②Substitution③Coreference3)Lexicalreiteration材料Examinethefollowingconversation,findoutwhetherlinguisticunitsinitareovertlycohesiveornot.A:Seewhothatis.B:I’minpyjamas.A:OK.•Linguisticunitsintheconversationarenotovertlycohesive.Inthistext,therelevanceofB’sremarktoA’sfirstremarkisconveyedbypragmaticimplication.“I’minpyjamas”impliesanexcusefornotcomplyingwithA’scommand(=“No,Ican’t,becauseI’minpyjamas.”)A’ssecondremarkimpliesthatheacceptsB’sexcuseandundertakestodohimselfwhatheoriginallyaskedBtodo(=OK.I’llgomyselfandsee.”Textsarethereforerecognizedasappropriatelycoherentinactualuse.Afullunderstandingofatextisoftenimpossiblewithoutreferencetothecontextinwhichitoccurs.（2）Context:Contextreferstoallelementsofacommunicativesituation.(Oneis“linguisticcontext”,referringtothelinguisticunitsprecedingand/orfollowingaparticularlinguisticunitinatext.Theotheris“extra-linguisticcontext”or“contextofsituation”,referringtotherelevantfeaturesofthesituationinwhichatexthasmeaning.)Contextualfactors:★①Fieldofdiscourse(语场)：theinstitutionalsetting,privateorpublic,inwhichapieceoflanguageoccurs,embracingnotonlythesubjectmatterinhand(正在进行中的主要的事情),butthewholeactivityofthespeakerorparticipantinasetting,whichcorrespondstoHalliday’s“ideationalfunction”oflanguage.②Tenor(语旨)：Theparticipants,theireducation,socialstatus,therole-relationshipbetweentheaddresserandtheaddressee;thedegreeofintimacy;thedegreeofsocialdistance.(It’sconcernedwithwhoistakingpartintheexchangeofmeaning----therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthelistener,theirrelativestatus,theirattitude,andtheirrolerelations.)③Mode(语式)：themediumofcommunication——thegraphicsigns[visual]orsoundwaves[auditory]bymeansofwhichamessageisconveyedfromonepersontoanther;Channel;channellimitation;otherdetailedchoices,thefunctionsoflanguageintheparticularsituation.•Practice4.Analyzethefollowingconversation(JennycomestoAlan’shouse.Sheisconductingasurveyforthegovernment.)Alan:Won’tyoucomein,Miss-er-.Jenny:Cartwright,JennyCartwright.Alan:I’mAlanMarlow.(AlanshowsJennyintothelivingroom.)Alan:Ohwon’tyoumakeyourselfcomfortable,Jenny?(Aftersomeminutesoftalk,whichisomittedhere)Jenny:Mr.Marlow…Alan:CallmeAlan.(TheMarlows,Episode11)Thecontextshowsclearly