EuthanasiahappinesstodeathWhatiseuthanasia•Euthanasia(Euthanasia)referstothetreatmentofpatientscannotbetreatedorusedrugs,letthepatientdiewithoutpain.EuthanasiacomesfromtheGreek,meaninghappinesstodeath.Itincludestwomeanings,oneisapainlessdeath;twoispainlessdeath.•安乐死(Euthanasia)指对无法救治的病人停止治疗或使用药物,让病人无痛苦地死去。“安乐死”一词源于希腊文,意思是幸福地死亡。它包括两层含义,一是安乐的无痛苦死亡;二是无痛致死术Historicaldevelopmentofeuthanasia•InordertokeephealthyEuthanasiaWithenergy,thedeathofachildbornwithasickchild•斯巴达人为了保持健康与活力,处死生来就存在病态的儿童•Aristotlehasexpressedsupportforthisapproachinhiswork.•亚里士多德曾在其著作中表示支持这种做法•Platoninfavorofthesuicideasawaytorelievethepainofnotbeingtreated•在《理想国》一书中,柏拉图赞成把自杀作为解除无法治疗的痛苦的一种办法•Euthanasiaandwidelypracticedinawhoopandaholler,1930inNaziGermany在1930年代的纳粹德国,大肆宣传和广泛推行•In1935intheUnitedKingdomtosetupthefirstvoluntaryeuthanasialegalizationCommittee1935年在英国成立第一个自愿安乐死合法化委员会•In1938,intheUnitedStatesalsosetupthesamecommittee1935年在英国成立第一个自愿安乐死合法化委员会•In1976,France,Denmark,Norway,Sweden,Belgium,Japan,andeventheCatholicChurchinItaly,FranceandSpainhavealsobeenvoluntaryeuthanasiaSociety法国、丹麦、挪威、瑞典、比利时、日本,甚至在天主教信徒很多的意大利、法国和西班牙也都出现了自愿实行安乐死协会ClassificationofeuthanasiaActiveeuthanasia:Totakemeasurestopromotethedeathofthepatient,toendtheirlives,suchaswhenthepatientcannotstandtheendofthedisease积极的(主动的)安乐死,指采取促使病人死亡的措施,结束其生命,如当病人无法忍受疾病终末期的折磨时Passiveeuthanasia:Torescuepatientssuchaspatientswithoutgivingorwithdrawaloftreatmentmeasures,letthemdie消极的(被动的)安乐死.即对抢救中的病人如垂危病人不给予或撤除治疗措施,任其死亡。Theoperatingprocedureofeuthanasiaa)Applicationforpatientstothecourt病人向法院提出申请b)Thedoctormadeawrittendiagnosisofthepatient'ssituation医师对病人情况作出书面诊断结论c)Agreementontheimplementationofeuthanasia达成安乐死实施协议d)Entersecondwaitingperiod进入“第二等待期”e)Finalimplementation最后实施ImplementationmethodofeuthanasiaInjectionofcyanide(注射氰化物):Injectionofhypnoticagentsenablepatientstosleepundertheconditionofinjection,andcausethedeathofpatients注射催眠剂使患者入眠的情况下,注射氰化物而导致患者死亡Oralhypnotic(口服催眠药):Oralhypnoticdrugs,sothatpatientswithsleep,andtheninjectedwithanestheticbreathingcentralinhibition口服安眠药品,使患者入眠,再注射有呼吸抑制作用的中枢麻醉剂.Injectioncoagulant(注射凝血剂):Firstletthepatienttakeanarcotictosleep,thentheinjectionofbloodclottingagent,plugthevein先让患者以麻醉剂沉睡,再注射凝血剂,堵塞静脉Abouteuthanasia,thestateofthestate①In1994,Oregonvotersvotedthroughthedignityofthelaw1994年,俄勒冈州选民投票通过《尊严死亡法》①In1999,theTexasthroughtheAdvanceDirectivesAct,thehospitalcanbeinviolationofthepatientsortheirlegalguardiansofthewishesofwithdrawingthepatient'slifesupportsystem1999年,得克萨斯州通过《事先指示法》,医院可以在违背病患或其法律监护人意愿的情况下撤除病患的生命维持系统③November2008,Washingtonstatethroughthedignityofthelawofdeath2008年11月,华盛顿州通过《尊严死亡法》④December31,2009,MontanaSupremeCourtruledthatthedoctortohelpterminallyillpatientstoimplementeuthanasia2009年12月31日,蒙大拿州最高法院裁定,医生帮助绝症患者实施安乐死合法⑤InGermany,amemberoftheEuthanasiaSocietyhasreached44000in1994.在德国,安乐死协会的会员1994年已达4.4万人⑤Indiaisoneofthefewcountriesthatcanlegallycarryouteuthanasiaundercertainconditions.印度是少数可在特定条件下合法实施安乐死的国家之一⑤Chinahasnotyetbeenlegislation中国尚未为之立法RealcaseSocialdisputesabouteuthanasiaOpponents•ontheonehand,thelegalthinkingofallcountriesgenerallybelievethatpeoplearesocial,people'slifeisabasicright,itiscloselyrelatedwiththeinterestsofsocietyandstate,allowingcitizenstodisposeoftheirownlifewillbringharmtothestateandsociety.•反对者认为,一方面,各国法律思想普遍认为:人是社会的人,人的生命是一个最基本的权利,它同社会和国家的利益紧密相关;允许公民随意处置自己的生命将给国家和社会利益带来损害;而且,生命是公民行使一切权利和义务的根本基础,公民不可以放弃生命的义务;除了刑罚判处死刑以外,法律禁止以任何形式剥夺和放弃生命•Ontheotherhand,adoctor'sdutytohealthewoundedandrescuethedying.Putforwardthehumanitarianaslongasthereisaglimmerofhopewemustsparenoeffortstorescueandhelpthepatienttogiveuplifeisdoesnotconformtotheprinciplesofthemedicalprofession•另一方面,救死扶伤成为医生的天职。人道主义提出只要有一线生机就必须不遗余力地救治,帮助病人放弃生命是不符合医生职业道德的Supportalthoughscienceisverydeveloped,butas:cancer,HIV,humanbeingsstillcannotovercome.Thesepatientsareoftentreatedwithcomplexandpainfultreatment,andthephysicalandmentalpainandsufferinginthefirstplace.尽管现在科学很发达,但像:癌症,艾滋,人类还是无法攻克。这些患者经常都要接受复杂而痛苦的治疗,肉体和精神一次又一次地受折磨。•Atthesametime,high-techmedicalmeansbringexpensiveunbearableburdenofcosts,andthecareandsupporttheirrelativesbementallyandphysicallyexhausted.Duetothelimitsofaspecificperiodofmedicaltechnology,thecurehopeisnot,thepatientisnodignitytospeakofthedecrepitstate.Thesepatientsareeagertoendthisstatebytheendofthedeath,whichistoallowthemselvesandtheirrelativestoescape,andmodernmedicinealsomasteredenoughmethodcanmakethepatientdie•与此同时,高科技的医疗手段带来昂贵的不堪负担的费用,又使照顾和赡养自己的亲属心力交瘁。由于某一具体时期医疗技术的极限,治愈的希望是没有的,患者处于毫无尊严可言的苟延残喘状态。这些患者迫切希望通过无痛苦死亡,即安乐死,来结束这个状态,以使自己和亲属身心得到解脱,而现代医学也掌握了足够的方法能使病人安然死去Whatdoyouthinkabouteuthanasia.