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GideonToury1.Lifeandwork2.Translationtheory2.1GideonToury'stheoryoftranslationalnorms(firstperiod1972-1976)2.2DescriptiveTranslationStudies(secondperiod)GideonTouryisProfessorofPoetics,ComparativeLiteratureandTranslationStudiesatTelAvivUniversity,whereheholdstheM.BernsteinChairofTranslationTheory.HeisthefounderandGeneralEditorofTarget:InternationalJournalofTranslationStudiesandforyearsGeneralEditoroftheimportantBenjaminsTranslationLibrary.Hehaspublishedthreebooks,anumberofeditedvolumesandnumerousarticles,inbothEnglishandHebrew,inthefieldsoftranslationtheoryandcomparativeliterature.Hisarticleshavealsoappearedintranslationinmanyotherlanguages,andheishimselfanactivetranslatortoo(withabout30booksandmanyarticlestohiscredit).Heisamemberoftheeditorialoradvisoryboardsofanumberofinternationaljournals.In2000,hewasawardedanhonorarydoctoratebyMiddlesexUniversity,London.LifeandworkThetheoryoftranslationalnorms,formulatedbytheIsraelischolarGedionTouryin1980s,contributesalottothe“culturalturn”oftranslationstudies.Thistheoryconstructsamulti-dimensionalframework,whichincludesthehistorical,socialandculturalfactorsinfluencingthetranslationactivity.ThefirstperiodWhatisGideonToury’snormInhisdefinition,normisthegeneralcriteriaacceptedbyacommunity.Butwhatisemphasizedhereisthatnormisasociologicalterm,referringtoacategoryapplicabletoalltheaspectsofthesociety,soistotranslation,ofcourse.InToury’sopinion,translationisakindofactivitywhichinvolvesatleasttwolanguagesandtwoculturaltraditions.Heconsidersthat“translationisanorm-governedactivity”.Hence,translationisakindofpersonalbehavior;however,itisnotrandomofaccidentalatall.Instead,itcanbetracedandanalyzedaccordingtovariouskindsofnormsgoverningit.6ThePrinciplesofTranslationalNorms起始准则（initialnorms):译者个人的倾向初级准则（preliminarynorms):决定译文选择的因素以及整个多元体系中的翻译策略运作准则（operationalnorms):实际翻译过程中影响抉择的准则TheapplicationofthenormsinthetranslationprologueForusandforourtragedy,Herestoopingtoyourclemency,Webegyourhearingpatiently.序诗今天悲剧上演谬承诸位赏脸还求海量包涵耐性把戏听完-----MatricialnormsThesecondperiodInthesecondperiod,Tourydevotedhimselftotheexplorationandconstructionofdescriptivetranslationstudies,themostfamousmonographDescriptiveTranslationStudiesandBeyondwaspublishedin1995.Descriptivetranslationstudiesbelievethatatranslationwillbeanytargetlanguagetextwhichispresentedorregardedassuchinatargetsystem,onwhatevergrounds.“翻译就是在目的系统当中，表现为翻译或者被认为是翻译的任何一段目的的语文本，不管所根据的理由是什么”AsGideonTourypointsout,“whatconstitutesthesubjectmatterofaproperdisciplineoftranslationstudiesareobservableorreconstructablefactsofrealliferatherthanmerelyspeculativeentitiesresultingfrompreconceivedhypothesesandtheoreticalmodels”(Toury1995:1)11ExamplesoftheDescriptiveTranslationStudies原文：Lumberandboatandjunkyard.Thebarebehindofindustry,itsdirtyunderwear,sobeautifullydisguisedbywinter.译文一：还有木材，小船和废物场。这里是工业荒凉的后院，这些是它的残破的内衣，一切都被冬日巧妙地掩盖了.（刘洪新译）译文二：木材、小船，还有静静的船坞。工业的废污在冬的掩映下消失的无影无踪。（黄娟译）译文三：光秃秃的树木，木材，小船还有废料场，这些垃圾与污垢都被冬天的白地所掩饰。（王丽英译）Thankyou!