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10308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question1-11Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterialisexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredothesebacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfood?Evenuntilthemid-nineteenthcentury,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsoriginatedbyspontaneous(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonlivingmatter.ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructurespresentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninputrefyingmaterials.Hedid(10)thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles.Aftertheguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithadtrappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteurfoundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranginginsizefrom0.01mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive(15)structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycouldnotbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputrefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginatedfromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthatthesebodiesareconstantly(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedtoboilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryforspontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butaircouldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask..Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(a)Pasteur’sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.(c)Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.(d)Pasteur’sargumentagainstthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(a)fullof(b)developinginto(c)resistantto(d)hurtby3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer?(a)Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsomefood?(b)Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?(c)Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?(d)Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto(a)benefitfrom(b)appearsimilarto2(c)jointogetherwith(d)growfrom5,Thepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto(a)trapparticlesforanalysis(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction(c)increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject(b)diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected7.Theword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.TheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere(a)primarilysingle-celledorganisms(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials(c)fairlyrare(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether9.Theword“it”inline22refersto(a)anutrientsolution(b)aglassflask(c)boiling(d)spontaneousgeneration10.Accordingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?(a)Asealedcontainer(b)Freshair(c)Heat(d)Thepresenceofnutrients11.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto(a)storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution(c)disproveacriticismofhisconclusions(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofairQuestions12-20IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmerassociety’shero.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.TheperiodbetweentheRevolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,whichendedin1865,wastheageof(5)thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianphilosophers,representedmosteloquentlybyThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagood3society,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.Andvirtuallyallpolicymakers,whethertheysubscribedtothetenetsofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagricultureasthekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentat(10)alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomicenterprise.Boththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportationinfrastructure,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepeningharbors,andremovingobstructionsfromnavigablestreams.Thenationalgovernmentimportedplantandanimalvarietiesand(15)launchedexploringexpeditionsin