抗高血压药

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1InstructionalObjectives掌握一线抗高血压药的分类,氢氯噻嗪、普萘洛尔、硝苯地平、卡托普利的降压作用特点、机制、临床应用和主要不良反应。熟悉抗高血压药的分类,其它常用药的作用特点,抗高血压药的应用原则。了解其它药物的降压作用特点。2Hypertension高血压AccordingtotheWHOstandardin1999,thebloodpressureelevatedtomorethan140/90mmHgiscalledhypertension.BP>140/90mmHgTheconditioncanbefatalifuntreated,asitgreatlyincreasestheriskofthrombosis(血栓症),brainstroke(脑卒中)andrenalfailure(肾衰).§1Introduction(概述)3《中国高血压防治指南》参考了《1999WHO/ISH高血压指南》,将18岁以上成人的血压,按不同水平分类:4ClassificationEssential原发性hypertensionSecondary继发性hypertensionPathogenesis发病机理notobviousobviousmorbidity发病率90~95%5~10%riskfactors危险因素genetics遗传obesity肥胖excessivealcoholsmokingage>40yrenaldisease肾损伤pheochromocytoma嗜铬细胞瘤gestation妊娠arterystricture动脉狭窄5高血压目前状况三“高”:患病率高,致残率高,死亡率高。三“低”:知晓率低,服药(治疗)率低,控制率低。62010年高血压日主题“健康体重健康血压”世界高血压日每年5月的第二个星期六全国高血压日每年的10月8日2011年高血压日主题“知晓您的血压和控制目标”7Mechanismofhypertension(发病机理):1.Excitementofsympatheticnervoussystem(交感神经系统兴奋)2.RAAS(+)(肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统兴奋)3Others8交感神经兴奋arteryconstrictionA收缩HR↑,收缩力↑肾1-R(+)BP1.交感神经系统兴奋(Excitementofsympatheticnervoussystem)Peripheralresistance(外周阻力)↑Heart(+)Excretionofrenin↑(肾素分泌↑)92.RAAS(+)(血管紧张素转化酶,ACE)血管紧张素原血压降低10Classificationofantihypertensiveagents1.Diuretics(利尿药):hydrochlorothiazide氢氯噻嗪2.交感神经系统抑制药(Sympatheticnervoussysteminhibitors)(1)中枢降压药clonidine可乐定(2)N节阻断药樟磺咪芬11(3)去甲肾上腺素能N末梢阻滞药利血平(4)肾上腺素受体阻断药(Adrenoceptorantagonists)α1–Rblockers:哌唑嗪(prazosin)-Rblockers:propranolol、-Rblockers:拉贝洛尔(labetalol)123.Renin–angiotensinsysteminhibitors肾素-血管紧张素系统抑制药(1)血管紧张素转化酶抑制药(ACEI)AngiotensinConvertingEnzymeInhibitors卡托普利captopril(2)AngiotensinⅡ-Rblockers氯沙坦losartan(3)Renininhibitors雷米克林(remikiren)134.Calciumchannelblockers(钙拮抗药)硝苯地平nifedipine5.Vasodilators(扩血管药):硝普钠、肼屈嗪Firstlineantihypertensiveagents:Diuretics:hydrochlorothiazide-Rblockers:propranololACEI:captoprilCalciumchannelblockers:nifedipine14§2Individualantihypertensivedrugs常用抗高血压药物一、Diuretics利尿药【Mechanism】(降压机理)early:diuresis(利尿)→bloodvolume↓→BP↓Dilate(扩张)bloodvessel(扩血管)→PVR(外周血管阻力)↓→Bp↓long-term:15Vasodilation(扩血管)MechanismExcrete(排泄)Na+↑→intracellular(细胞内)[Na+]↓→Na+-Ca2+exchange↓→intracellular(细胞内)[Ca2+]↓→thesensitivityofbloodvesselresponsestoNA↓血管平滑肌对缩血管物质的反应性↓→Vasodilation16Thiazides噻嗪类Hydrochlorothiazide氢氯噻嗪basicantihypertensiveagents基础降压药mild(轻度)hypertensionusedalone(<25mg)moderate(中度)andsevere(重度)hypertensionClinicalusescombinationwith-RblockersorACEI17【Characteristics】1.作用缓慢、温和、持久2.无耐受性3.对抗水钠潴留【Clinicaluses】Allkindsofhypertensions(各型高血压)18【Adversereaction】1.electrolytedisturbance(电解质紊乱)andmetabolism(代谢)changesHypokalemia(低血钾)Hyperglycemia(高血糖)Hyperlipidemia(高血脂)2.Secondaryplasmareninactivity↑(继发性血浆肾素活性↑)Spironolactone(螺内酯)orACEIIndapamide吲达帕胺19furosemide呋塞米higheffectivediureticSevereelectrolyteimbalance(电解质紊乱)onlyusedinseverehypertension,especiallywithchronicrenalinsufficiency慢性肾功能不全(氮质血症、尿毒症)andcardiacfailure心衰20二、Calciumantagonists钙拮抗药1.Selectivecalciumantagonists(1)二氢吡啶类:硝苯地平(nifedipine)(2)苯烷胺类:维拉帕米(verapamil)(3)苯并噻氮卓类:地尔硫卓(diltiazem)2.Non-selectivecalciumantagonists氟桂利嗪、普尼拉明、哌克昔林WHO分类【Classification】21【PharmacologicalActions】1.Heart:(1)negativeinotropicaction(负性肌力)阻断Ca2+内流,心肌收缩力减弱。(2)negativechronotropicaction(负性频率)降低窦房结自律性→HR↓(3)negativeconductionaction(负性传导)↓减慢房室结的传导速度硝苯地平例外22(1)扩张动脉,↓血压;(2)解除冠脉痉挛,↑冠脉流量;(3)扩张脑血管,↑脑血流量;(4)扩张外周血管;(5)扩张肾血管,↑肾血流心绞痛脑血管疾病外周血管痉挛性疾病2.Bloodvessel:vasodilatation(扩血管)抗高血压硝苯地平→扩血管强→BP↓→(+)心脏反射23【Clinicaluses】1.Hypertension(高血压)2.Angina(心绞痛)3.Arrhythmia(心律失常)4.脑血管疾病5.其他:外周血管痉挛性疾病、偏头痛、支气管哮喘24【Mechanism】Nifedipine硝苯地平(心痛定)阻断钙内流→血管扩张→BP↓Inhibitcalciuminfluxintoarterialsmoothmusclecellsandreducebloodpressure.252.Doesnotaffectmetabolismofglucoseandfat.不影响糖、脂肪代谢3.QuickensHRandincreasesreninactivityreflectively.反射性加快心率,增加肾素活性1.Hypotensiveeffectisindirectratiotothearterialpressurelevel.降压效果与血压水平成正比【Characteristics】缓释制剂-Rblockers26【Clinicaluses】尼群地平氨氯地平尼卡地平Allkindsofhypertensionsespeciallyforthepatientswithanginapectoris(心绞痛)、diabetes(糖尿病)、hyperlipemia(高血脂)、asthma(哮喘)、malignant(恶性)hypertension.27Clinicalchoice:hypertensionwithangina(心绞痛)-----nifedipine(硝苯地平)withcerebralvascular(脑血管)disease-----nimoldipine(尼莫地平)withtachycardia(心动过速)-----verapamil(维拉帕米)(aloneorwithdiuretics,-Rblockers)28三、-Rblockers-R阻断药【Mechanism】Propranolol普萘洛尔1.(-)心脏1-R→HR↓、收缩力↓→CO↓2.(-)肾脏1-R→肾素分泌↓→阻断RAAS3.(-)中枢-R→外周交感张力↓4.(-)外周突触前膜1-R→正反馈↓→NA↓5.↑PG(前列腺素)合成→血管扩张29【Characteristics】1.effect:weak,slow,long2.Individualvariationismarked.个体差异大3.Doesn’tcausewaterandsodiumretention.不引起水钠潴留4.Doesn’tincreasereninactivity.不增加肾素活性5.诱发或加重糖尿病、痛风、支气管哮喘30【Clinicaluses】Allkindsofhypertension【Contraindication】(禁忌症)Firstlineagent,mostusefulespeciallywithhighplasmareninactivity(高肾素活性)highcardiacoutput(高心输出量)anginapectoris(心绞痛)migraine(偏头痛)anxiety(焦虑症)左心功能不全、窦性心动过缓、重度房室传导阻滞、支气管哮喘31Other-Rblockingagentsp.243阿替洛尔atenolol拉贝洛尔labetalol各种程度高血压,高血压急症、妊娠高血压、嗜铬细胞瘤、麻醉手术时高血压卡维地洛carvedilol32ACEAngⅡ促心肌肥大、血管平滑肌增生促NA释放强烈收缩血管醛固酮↑AngⅠ四、血管紧张素转化酶抑制药(ACEI)AngiotensinConvertingEnzymeInhibitors促缓激肽灭活BP33(-)ACE【Mechanism】Captopril卡托普利(甲巯丙脯酸,开博通)1.AngⅡ↓,NA↓:收缩血管作用↓2.缓激肽水解↓,PG↑:扩张血管作用↑3.醛固酮(Aldosterone)↓:排Na+↑血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