DoTrafficTicketsSaveLives?StudyShowsTrafficTicketsCouldSaveDrivers’LivesLeeDyePitythepoortrafficcop.He’sthelastguyyouwanttoseeinyourrearviewmirrorwhenyou’respeedingdownthehighway.Whyisn’theoutlookingformurderersinsteadofnailingdriversforminorinfractionsofthelaw?交通罚单能救命吗?研究显示交通罚单能救司机的命李·戴哎,这可怜的交警。他是你在高速公路上疾驰时最不愿意在后视镜里看见的人。他为什么不去抓那些杀人犯,却在这儿为了一点儿芝麻大的交通违规对司机们穷追不舍?Well,accordingtoamajorresearchprojectbyscientistsinCanadaandCalifornia,thatcopjustmightbesavingyourlife.Orthelifeofsomeoneelse.然而,根据加拿大和加利福尼亚科学家们的一项重要研究,那位警察也许恰恰是在救你的命,或者救别的什么人的命。Theresearchershavefoundthatatrafficticketreducesadriver’schanceofbeinginvolvedinafatalaccidentbyawhopping35percent,atleastforafewweeks.Theeffectdoesn’tlastlong,however.Withinthreetofourmonths,theleadfootisbackonthepedalandtheriskofkillingyourselforsomeoneelseisbackuptowhereitwasbeforethatcopstaredyouintheeyeandwroteoutthatexpensivecitation.研究者们发现一张交通罚单能让司机至少在几周内遭遇重大车祸的概率降低35%。但是这个作用不会持续很长。三四个月后,那只脚又会回到油门儿上去,置自己或别人于死地的危险率又和警察瞪着你开出巨额罚单前一样高了。Thebottomline,accordingtotheresearchpublishedintheJune28issueofTheLancet,isthattrafficticketssavelives.Maybethousandsoflives,everyyear.Yettrafficlawsareenforcedsporadically,almostasifbywhim,partlybecausepeoplejustdon’tliketrafficcops,andtherearelotsofotherthingsforthegovernmenttospendmoneyonthanenforcinghighwaysafetylaws.根据6月28日发表在《柳叶刀》上的研究,最根本的一点就是交通罚单能救命。它很可能每年能救成千上万条命。然而交通法规只是零星地被实施,就像心血来潮似的,部分原因是人们不喜欢罚单,而且除了实施高速公路安全法,政府部门还有很多其他地方要花钱TheGrimStatisticsThatattitudeneedstobechanged,accordingtoDonaldA.RedelmeieroftheUniversityofTorontoandRobertJ.TibshiraniofStanfordUniversity.Bothmenaremedicalresearchers,andthisisn’tthefirsttimethey’vetakenahardlookathighwaysafety.Their1998studycausedastirwhentheylinkedcellphoneusagetotrafficaccidents.Nowthey’reback,sayingtrafficticketsaregoodforyourhealth.无情的统计数据多伦多大学的热德尔美尔和斯坦福大学的提波施拉尼认为这种态度需要改变。他们俩都是医学研究者,这已不是他们第一次盯着高速公路安全问题了。他们俩1998年的研究引起了轰动,当时他们认为打手机与交通事故有关联。现在他们又来了,说交通罚单对我们的健康有好处。Theywereproddedintothisprojectbysomeverygrimstatistics.Eachyear,morethanamillionpersonsdieintrafficaccidentsworldwide.IfthatmanypeoplediedofSARSinayear,thepublicresponsewouldprobablyborderonhysteria,butwehavecometoaccepttrafficfatalitiesasawayoflife.Inaddition,another25millionpeoplearoundtheworldarepermanentlydisabledbytrafficaccidents,andmanyofthem-aswellasthefatalities-arechildren.他们之所以参与这个项目是受到一些残酷无情的统计数据的驱使。每年,全世界有100多万人死于交通事故。如果一年内那么多人死于非典的话,大家很可能会恐惧得发疯了,然而我们对交通事故死亡率却习以为常了。另外,还有2500万人因交通事故永远残废了,而且他们当中——包括死去的——很多是孩子。TakingItEasyAfteraTicket?WhenRedelmeierandTibshiraniandfellowresearcherLeonardEvanssetouttoseeiftrafficticketsreallydoanygood,theyfoundanenormousresourceintheCanadianprovinceofOntario.Thefulldrivingrecordofeverylicenseddrivertherewasmadeavailabletothem,wartsandall,givingtheresearchersahugedatabaseofmorethan10millionlicenseddrivers,8,975ofwhomwereinvolvedinafatalaccidentduringthe11-yearperiodcoveredbytheresearch,from1988through1998.接到罚单处之泰然?当热德尔美尔、提波施拉尼和他们的共同研究人员伦纳德·伊凡斯研究交通罚单是否真能起到好作用时,他们在加拿大的安大略省发现了数量巨大的司机资料。他们在那儿能看到每个有驾照的人的全部记录,这样他们就有了一个良莠俱存的超过一千万个持照司机的巨大数据库。其中8975个司机在此项研究覆盖的1988-1998共11年中曾出过重大交通事故。“Welookedatthemonthpriortoafatalaccident,andthenumberoftrafficconvictions,andthenthesamemonthintheyearbefore,”saysTibshirani,astatistician.“Whatwefoundwasthattherewerefewerticketsinthemonthbeforeafatalaccidentthantherewereayearbefore,andthatsuggeststhere’saprotectiveeffectofhavingaticket.”统计学家提波施拉尼说:“我们看了一下出重大事故前一个月的交通罚单数和前一年同一个月的罚单数,发现出重大事故前一个月的罚单要比前一年同一个月的罚单少,这说明罚单有保护作用。”Inotherwords,whenthenumberofcitationswentdown,thenumberoffatalaccidentswentupthefollowingmonth,andwhenthenumberofticketswentup,thenumberoffatalaccidentsdroppedthefollowingmonth.Theanalysisshowsthatfatalaccidentsdeclinedby35percentbecauseofcitations.Apparently,peoplejustdrovemorecautiouslyfollowingatrafficcitation,butthatonlylastedamaximumoffourmonths,theresearcherssay.Afterthatbriefrespite,itwasbacktobusinessasusualformostmotorists.换言之,当罚单数下降时,重大事故率在接下来这个月就会上升;而当罚单数上升时,重大事故率在接下来这个月就会下降。分析表明罚单能使重大事故率下降35%。显然,人们在拿到交通罚单后开车会更谨慎,但这种谨慎最长只会持续4个月。对多数司机来说,经过这短暂的歇息,一切又都恢复到从前了。Citation’sEffectsConsistentThescientistsalsoturnedupsomesurprisingresults.“Mostofthecrashesdidnotinvolvealcoholandwerenotatanintersection,”theyreportintheirresearchpaper.Mostoccurredduringthesummermonthswhenthestreetsweredry(65percent)ratherthanwet(18percent)orcoveredwithsnow(17percent).罚单的持续作用科学家们还出示了一些令人吃惊的研究结果。“多数撞车不是因为酒后驾车,也不是发生在十字路口,”他们在研究报告中这样报道。多数事故发生在夏季,当时的道路干燥(65%)而不湿滑(18%),也没有雪覆盖(17%)。Theyalsofoundthatthe“relativeriskreductionassociatedwithtrafficconvictionswasremarkablyconsistentamongsubgroupsoflicenseddrivers,”sothesameresultsapplytowomenaswellasmen,regardlessofage,priordrivingrecord,andotherpersonaldata.Men,however,wereinvolvedinfarmorefatalaccidentsthanwomen(73percentto27percent)andthemostaccident-proneagewasbetween30and50.Alcoholwasdetectedinonly7percentoftheaccidents.他们还发现“在有驾照的那组司机中拿到罚单后的事故减少率的持续性是显著的”,因此同样的结论适用于妇女和男人,而与年龄因素、以前的驾驶记录和其他个人资料无关。但是,男人要比女人更容易出严重交通事故(73%比27%),而且最容易出事故的年龄是在30-50岁之间。酒后驾车只占事故的7%。Theresearchersalsoaddressedthecommonlyheldbeliefthattrafficcitationsca