2009暑假班雅思基础语法苏州新东方学校张众zhangzhongchina@gmail.com本课程主要内容•基本原则•句法及其应用•词法及其应用•教材练习讲解雅思语法的黄金规则•规则一:一个句子有且只有一个谓语。•Igotoschool.•规则二:逗号不能连接两个句子。•Hehurtsme,Iforgivehim.(×)•规则三:介词后面必有宾语。•lookdownuponthecolored•规则四:如果句子有连词连接,则两个分句有各自的谓语。•Althoughhehurtsme,Iforgivehim.开篇思考:意志的表达1.助动词•Tomorrowwillbeaholiday.•Tomorrowshallbeaholiday.•shall:由oughtto演变而来。•表示义务、不可抗力、客观上。•will:由wish演变而来。•表示主观意愿、主观期望、愿意。•发号施令,即“我希望”、“你必须”:•Iwill/youshall/heshall…•Heshallbethefirstintheexamination.•表示客气,即“你不必勉强”、“请自愿”:•youwill/hewill/shewill…•Hewillbethefistintheexamination.•我怕我会失败,但我希望你会成功。•“我失败”:客观力量导致,所以才“怕”;•“你成功”:我的主观希望。•Ifear…,butIhope…•IfearIshallfail,butIhopeyouwillsucceed.•因此,助动词的组合,分为两种:•单纯未来:Ishall,youwill,hewill…•没有说话人的主观意志,自己是“义务的”,别人是“自愿的”。•个人意志:Iwill,youshall,heshall…•受说话人主观意志的影响,自己是“愿意的”,别人是“有义务的”。2.单纯未来•Ishall,youwill,hewill…(单)•weshall,youwill,theywill…(复)•只要不加入自己或他人的意志,都可以用“单纯未来”的表达。•具体可分为8种情况。•(1)NaturalDevelopment•Ishallbeveryoldafter50years.•Ifyouarediligent,youwilllearnwell.•(2)ExternalNecessity•Youmustkeepthepills,becauseyouwillneedthembyandby.•(3)EmotionalChanges•Ishallbegladtohearfromyou.•Hewillbesorryforitafterwards.•(4)ComingupofPerceptions•YouwillfindwhatIsayistrue.•Ishallfeelthewantofyourassistance.•(5)GeneralExpectation•Ifhedoesnotgiveupgambling,hewillgobankrupt.•IfearIshallfail.•(6)CommonDuty•Afterfiringtheservant,youwilltakeuponyourselfallthehouseholdwork.•(7)Pre-Arrangement•IshallbeinJapanduringthesummervacation.•Hewillnotbeathome,forhehastoattendameeting.•(8)PositionsofPassivity•Ifhedoesnotamend,hewillbedismissed.3.个人意志•Iwill,youshall,heshall…•Wewill,youshall,theyshall…•我“要”…(主观)•你“应当”…(义务)•表示发言者本人的期望,以及对方的义务、责任。•Iwillhavesomebodyhelpme.•Iwillhavetheworkdoneinonehour.•所谓“意志”,包含了“意”和“志”。•意——意愿(willingness),心甘情愿。•Iwillalwaysloveyou.•志——心志(determination),决心。•IwillconquerthedifficultiesImeetwith.•就“意愿”来说,主要有4种情形。•(1)Consent•Iwilltakeanystepatyourrequest.•(2)Promise•Iwilltellyouonsomefutureoccasion.•(3)Refusal•Iwillneverdothisforhim.•(4)Offer•Ifyouneedanything,Iwilllendittoyou.•就“决心”来说,也有4种情形。•(1)Resolution•Iwillberevengedonyou.•(2)Choice•Iwillgoorstay,asIthinkproper.•(3)Insistence•Iwillknowyourreason.•(4)Threat•Ifyouwon’tleavethehouse,Iwillcall110.•刚才说的是自己的意志,而如果把自己的意志强加给别人,也有4种情形。•(1)Permission(=Iwilllet…)•Youshallhaveyourownway.•(2)Compulsion•Heshalldothis,whetherhewantsitornot.•(3)Prohibition•Youshallnotsetfoothereagain.•(4)Threat•Youshallsmartforthis.•因此,youshall/heshall可以坦率的表示自己对别人的许可或禁止。基本知识:句子的构成主部+述部•主部:~是•述部:是~•Myfather/isateacher.•主语(S)是主部的中心,谓语动词(V)是述部的中心。•谓语动词可以是动词的组合。•Wemustwearuniforms.宾语(O)•动词或介词动作的施行对象。•Myfather/boughtanewcar.•宾语可能不止一个,这时每个宾语都要用宾格形式。•Mysister/boughtmethispendant.•一定要有宾语的动词,叫做及物动词;否则叫做不及物动词。补语(C)•用来说明主语和宾语“什么样”,“什么状态”。•Thenews/madeussad.(C)•He/boughtmeapresent.(O而非C)•补语主要说明宾语。如果说明主语,往往把这种补语称为表语。•Hismother/isagovernmentofficial.修饰语•补充修饰主语、谓语、宾语、补语。•Thetallboycarriedaboxfullofchocolates.•去掉修饰语后,句子仍成立。•Theboycarriedabox.•修饰语分为形容词(修饰名词)和副词(修饰动词)。•tallboy/boxfullof…/happilycarried•同一个词,可以被多个修饰语修饰。•Hesometimesstudybeforebreakfast.进阶:句子的种类句子的四个大类•陈述句:肯定句、否定句。•疑问句:Yes/No疑问句、Wh-疑问句。•祈使句:肯定祈使句、否定祈使句。•感叹句:How感叹句、What感叹句。选择疑问句•一般疑问:“Didyoucomeherebybicycleoronfoot?”“Bybicycle.”•特殊疑问:用which开头。•Whichdoyoulikebetter,catsordogs?•回答时,只要回答or左边或右边的某个词就可以了。反意疑问句•前肯定则后否定,前否定则后肯定。•It’sveryhottoday,isn’tit?Yes.•Shedoesn’tlikecoffee,doesshe?No.•加强语气则降调,询问对方则升调。•回答的依据:客观事实。•Iamastudent,aren’tI?(第一人称)•Thereisaboat,isn’tthere?(therebe)•Hewillsaveme,won’the?(情态动词)祈使句的扩展•礼貌的祈使句:please•Openthedoor,please.•表示请求的祈使句:反意疑问•Pleasesitdown,won’tyou?•表示提议的祈使句:Let’s(+反意疑问)•Let’snottalkaboutit,(shallwe?)练习•你不会参加会议的,对吗?•Tom想和Helen结婚,对吗?•咱们去看电影,好吗?•Youwon’tgotothemeeting,willyou?•TomwantstomarryHelen,doesn’the?•Let’sgotothemovie,shallwe?深入探讨:动词和句型常见的四种句型•S+V+C•S+V+O•S+V+O+C•S+V+O+OS+V+C•(1)Shekeptcalmduringtheearthquake.•(2)Igetnervousbeforeexams.•(3)Silkfeelssmooth.•(4)Shelookshappy.•哪些动词适用于SVC句型呢?•(1)表示“是~/~状态”的动词。•be,keep,remain,stay…•Hisdeathremainsamystery.•(2)表示“变成~”的动词。•become,get,grow,turn,bloominto…•Theskyturnedgrey.•Herdreamcametrue.•(3)表示“感觉~”的动词。•feel,smell,taste…•Themilktastessour.•(4)表示“好像~,似乎~”的动词。•seem,look,appear,sound…•Sheseemedshyatfirst.•Thatsoundsagoodidea.S+V+O•主语和宾语是同一人(物)时,怎么办?•反身代词:myself,yourself,himself…•Weenjoyedourselvesattheparty.•Mikehurthimselfinthebaseballgame.S+V+O+O•Ilenthimtendollars.•Hecookedmeanicemeal.•大部分SVOO的句型,如果两个宾语位置颠倒,则要加to(给)或for(为)。•Ilenttendollarstohim•Hecookedanicemealforme.•哪些动词能接双宾语呢?•(1)give系列:表示“给(人)~”•give,lend,show,hand,offer,pass,pay,sell,send,teach,tell…•Itellmydaughterafairytaleeverynight.•宾语颠倒时,要加介词to(方向)。•Itellafairytaletomydaughtereverynight.•(2)buy系列:表示“(为某人)做~”•buy,find,cook,make,choose,get,leave,play,sing…•Icookmygirlfriendmealswhensheisbusy.•宾语颠倒时,要加介词for(目的)。•Icookmealsformygirlfriendwhensheisbusy.•(3)ask:宾语颠倒时要用of。•MayIaskyouafavor?•MayIaskafavorofyou?•(4)双宾语不能颠倒的动词:•cost,take,save等表示“耗费”的动词。•Thisjourneytookusthreedays.•Thiswatchcostme1000dollars.•不能加双宾语:表示“信息传递”的动词。•say,explain,introduce,suggest…•IexplainedtherulesofchesstoCindy.•IexplainedCindytherules…(×