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Searle'sspeechActContextSearle'sspeechActclassificationIndirectspeechactsFelicityconditionsExtendedspeechactsSearle'sspeechAct“”言语行为理论奥斯汀开创，塞尔（j.Searle）补正完善从行为角度阐释人类语言交际的一种重要理论Austin’sclassificationofspeechactsVerdictives,anexerciseofjudgment裁决型Exercitives,anassertionofinfluenceorexercisingofpower行使型Commissives,anassumingofanobligationordeclaringofanattention承诺型Behabitives,theadoptingofanattitude行为型Expositives,theclassifyingofreasonsargumentsandcomunications阐释型这一分类遭到一些非议，塞尔就认为它只是对以言行事动词的分类，而不是对行为的分类，这样的分类将两者混淆了；此外不同种之间存在重叠现象Searle'sclassificationspeechActSearle’sclassificationofspeechacts“”Oneofthemaincharacteristicsofspeechactsistheirdirectionoffit适切/适从方向whichcanbeworld-to-words现实世界适切词语（请求，命令，起誓，许诺，）orwords-to-world词语适切现实世界(陈述，描写，断言，说明)Searle’sclassificationshowsthatthefivekindsofspeechactsdifferinthefollowingfouraspects:1.Illocutionarypoint/speechacttype2.Directionoffit/relationship(wordstoworld)3.Thepsychologicalstateofthespeaker4.Thecontentoftheact/propositionalcontentRepresentative“”Thekindofspeechactsthatcommitthespeakertothetruthoftheexpressedpropositions,suchasthestatementsoffact,assertions,descriptionsandconclusions.表示说话人对某事做出一定程度的表态（theyexpressthespeaker’sbelief),对话语所表达的命题内容作出真假判断（carryatruthvalue）它的适从向（directionoffit）是让说话人的话语符合客观现实；说话人的心理状态是确信。assertstateclaimaffirmdenyinformnotifyremindCommissives承诺“”Thespeakersarecommittedtosomefuturecourseofactionssuchaspromising,offering,threatening,refusingandpledging.指说话人对未来的行为做出不同程度的承诺。Theyexpressthespeaker’sintentiontodosomething.适从方向是让客观现实发生改变，以适应说话人的话语；说话人的心理状态是怀有意图；话语的命题内容是说话人即将做出某一行动。PromisecommitpledgevowofferrefuseguaranteethreatenundertakeDirectives指令“”Thekindofspeechactswhichareattemptstogetthehearertodosomethingsuchasordering,commanding,requesting,advisingandrecommending.Whattheyexpresscanbepositiveornegative.表示说话人不同程度地指使听话人做某事。（Theyexpressthespeaker’sdesire/wishforthehearertodosomething)适从方向让客观现实发生变化，以适应说话人的话语；说话人在心理上的需求是希望或需要；话语的命题内容总是让听话人即将作出某种行动。RequestaskurgedemandcommandorderadvisebeginviteDeclarations宣告“”Thekindofspeechactsthateffectimmediatechangesintheinstitutionalstateofaffairsandthattendtorelyonelaborateextralinguisticinstitutions.（超语言的社会规约）指话语所表达的命题内容与客观现实之间的一致。适从方向是让客观现实符合说话人的话语，同时又让话语适应客观现实，它不需要真诚条件。（适切方向为双向）说话人可以通过宣告类行为改变有关事物的状况或条件，因而它不同于其他类型的以言行事行为。但宣告类行为往往需要考虑一定的语言以外的因素，即合适条件，比如某一领导人要宣告A为公司总裁，我们就必须考虑宣告人的特殊地位，权力等因素。DeclarenominateappointnamechristenblessresignExpressive表达“”Thespeakerexpresseswhathefeels,akindofpsychologicalstatesuchasthanking,liking,disking,blaming,pardoningandpraising.指说话人在表达话语命题内容的同时所表达的某种心理状态。他没有适从方向，因为说话人在表达这类行为时既不试图改变客观现实以适从说话人的话语，也不希望话语符合客观现实。不过，实施该行为的前提是话语命题内容的真实性。ApologizeboastcondolethankwelcomecongratulatedeploreExercise“”1.Goaway.2.Myessayisduetotomorrowmorning.3.Putyourjacketon.4.I’llpayyouback.5.Authorsalwayspaytheirdebts.FelicityconditionsFelicityconditionsaretheconditionthatmustbesatisfiedifaspeechactistobeperformedappropriately,correctly,felicitouslyandhappily.Thereareseveraldifferenttypesofpreconditionsforspeechactsineverydaycircumstance.Definition“”Searle’sclassificationofspeechactsOneofthemaincharacteristicsofspeechactsistheirdirectionoffit(适切方向),whichcanbeworld-to-words现实世界适切词语（请求，命令，起誓，许诺）orwords-to-world词语适切现实世界（陈述，描写，断言，说明）Representatives:arethekindofspeechactsthatcommitthespeakertothetruthoftheexpressedproposition,suchasthestatementsoffacts,assertions,descriptionsandconclusions表示说话人对某事做出一定程度的表态，对话表达的命题内容做出真假判断“”Directionoffit它的适从向（directionoffit）是让说话人的话语符合客观事实；说话人的心理状态是确信Eg:assert,state,claim,affirm,deny,inform,notify,remind等Directivesarethekindofspeechactswhichareattemptstogetthehearertodosomethingsuchasordering,commanding,requesting…表示说话人不同程度的指使听话人做某事。它的适从方向让客观事实发生变化，以适应说话人的话语：说话人在心理上的需求是希望活需要；“”话语命题的内容总是让听话者即将做出某种行动指令动词有：request,ask,urge,demand,command,order…“”实施言语行为的五大规则1.Generalconditions2.Propositionalcontentconditions3.Preparatoryconditions4.Sincerityconditions5.Essentialconditions“”Generalconditions基本条件Preconditionsonperformingaspeechact.peoplecanubderstandthelanguagebeingusedandthattheyarenotplaying-actingorbeingnonsensical.S意欲T,这句话将使他有义务做A“”Propositionalcontentconditions命题内容条件•Propositionalcontentconditionsplacerestrictionsonthestateofaffairsportrayedinanutterance.•说话人在话语中表达一个命题，表达命题时说话人就是在讲述他将要实施的行为。（whatthespeechactisabout）•a)S在说出T的时候,表达了P这样一个命题。•b)在说出P这个命题时,S陈述了S的一个将来动作A(action)。•Eg:老师会来吗？会来。“”Preparatoryconditions准备条件•Theutteranceofarequestmustmeettwopreparatoryconditons:1.thespeakerbelievesthehearercandotheact2.itisnotobviousthatthehearerwoulddothactwithoutbeingasked.听话人希望说话人去做他要做的某件事，切说话人也相信这个符合听话人的意愿听话人和说话人都很清楚，在正常情况下说话人是不会去做这个事的。•a)H宁愿S做A,而不是不做A,而且S相信H宁愿他做A,而不是不做A。•b)S和H都没感觉到,正常情况下,S会做A。EG:你努力学习，我给你买你想要的自行车。（许诺）“”Sincerityconditions诚意条件Asforthesincereperformanceofawarning,thespeakershouldknowclearlythatthefutureeventwillnothaveabeneficialeffect.Arequest,requirethatthespeakersincerelywantthehearertodotheact.S意欲做A“”Essentialconditions根本条件Essentialconditionsconcernabouttheawarenessofputtingthespeakerunderanobligationtoperformtheaction.说话人认为他说出话语A就意味着他有义务实施行为B.“”ConditionsRequ