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GreekCulture希腊罗马第一章1.TherichnessofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.2.TheTrojanWarwasfoughtbyTheGreeksandTheTrojans.3.Thetwomostfamouspolises城邦inAncientGreeceareSpartaandAthens.斯巴达和雅典。Sparta：battles,warmachine.武力统治；Athens：democracy民主，市民社会4.Alexander亚历山大统治之前希腊从没有是一个完整的国家。5.The5thcenturyB.C.closedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSpartainGreece.5.TheHomer’sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.Drama6.GreekDramaperformedinopen-airtheatres.actorswearmasks面具.chorus合唱7.ThetragedianofAncientGreece:SophoclesEuripidesAeschylus8.Aeschylus埃斯库罗斯--“thefatheroftragedy注意和下面喜剧之父对比”,hewroteplayPrometheusBound.9.Sophocles’sworkisOedipustheKing.奥狄浦斯王theOedipusComplex.恋母情结10.Aristophanes阿里斯托芬--“thefatherofcomedy”History11.Herodotus--“FatherofHistory”,recordingtheoriginandprocessoftheGreco-PersianWars.12.Thucydides--“thefatherofscientifichistory”Work-HistoryofthePeloponnesianWar.PhilosophyandScience13.Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯--thefounderofscientificmathematics.解析几何创始者“Everythingismadeofnumbers.”勾股定理他创的。14.Heraclitus赫拉克利特--“Theonlythingthatdoesnotchange,ischangeitself.”唯物主义。Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver.Fire是宇宙之源15.Democritus德谟克利特--atoms:“indivisibleunits”原子论16.Euclid-欧几里得-“fatherofgeometry”《Elements》。Deduction归纳演绎17.Archimedes阿基米德。Theprincipleofthelever杠杆原理。Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.给我一个支点，我将翘起一个地球。Principleofbuoyancy浮力18.Socrates--askingandansweringquestions.问答来解决问题，诘问法thedialecticalmethodofinquiry.Dialogues对话录。19.PlatoestablishedtheschoolAcademyandhisstudentAristotlefoundedLyceum学会.亚里士多德在柏拉图的Academy里学习多年。Plato’sWork--Republic.理想国AccordingtoAristotle,man’saiminlifeishappiness.20.简答会考为什么柏拉图是理想主义吗？在练习册第八页。21.苏格拉底是柏拉图的老师，柏拉图是亚里士多德的老师。22.ThewaysthatAristotleisdifferentfromhisteacherPlato!AristotlePlatoEmphasisondirectobservationofnature;insistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.对事物直接观察，尊重事实Relianceonsubjunctivethinking主观思考Form(idea)andmattertogetherIdeashadahigherrealitythanthemadeupconcreteindividualrealities.形而下学physicalworld形而上学Pottery瓷器black-figurestyle:blackfiguresonredbackgroundred-figurestyle:redfiguresonblackbackgroundGreekimpact:spiritofinnovation,supremeachievement,lastingeffect.RomanCultureRomanhistory21.TheOriginofRome:Virgil--AeneidShe-wolf22.Theyear27B.C,TherepublicwaschangedintotheRomanEmpire.23.ABriefHistoryoftheRomanEmpire（罗马帝国之前是共和国republic时期）:PaxRomana罗马和平Augustus统治时期CivilWars24.TheEasternRomanEmpire,however,continuedtoexistforabout1000years,untilitwasfinallydestroyedbytheOttomanTurksin1453.25.ManymoderncivillawsystemsinEuropeareheavilyinfluencedbyRomanlaw.罗马法罗马法和paxromana罗马和平是罗马人对欧洲文化的贡献LatinLiterature28.Cicero西塞罗,heisaorator雄辩家，演讲家.Ciceronian:powerfulandeloquent雄辩的style.29.Augustusemperor30.JuliusCaesarbecamedictator独裁者“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered”31.ArchitecturewasbuiltduringtheRomanperiod:thePantheon帕特农神殿theColosseum斗兽场PontduGard啥子输水道32.AlthoughRomansculptureinitiallycopiedmuchfromGreeksculpture，moreemphasizedtheindividual.33.RomanCultureV.S.Greekculture!!13页练习册CommonDifference1.Ideaofthecitizen-assembly2.hostiletomonarchy敌对君主统治3.Religion神明的名字、神话的融合4.languagesGreekRomanVastempireOrganizationalpowerOlderandricherartisticandintellectualinheritance智力遗产34,Virgil写了Aeneid.第二部分：基督教1.ThefirstfivebooksoftheOldTestamentcalledPentateuch.摩西五书：Genesis,Exodus,Leviticus,Numbers,DeuteronomyAmongallthereligionsbywhichpeopleseektoworship,ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.2.ItwastheJewishtraditionwhichgavebirthtoChristianity.3.BothJudaismandChristianityoriginatedinPalestine.巴勒斯坦.3\4是犹太教和基督教的联系。犹太教和基督教的不同：a.JudaismrecognizesonlytheOldTestament;ChristianityrecognizesboththeOldandtheNewTestament.b.Judaism:三位一体：thefather,theson,theholyspirit.而基督教是三者综合一起Unity.C.Judaists要求circumcision割礼，基督教徒不要求；d.Judaism只接受Jews犹太人作为信徒，基督教接收任何相信他的人acceptanyonewhoiswillingtobelieve.4.TheOldTestamentwasoriginallywritteninHebrew.希伯来TheancestorsoftheJewsweretheHebrews,itmeans“wanderers”.5.TheHebrew’smajorcontributiontoworldcivilizationwasJudaism.6.ThelegendsandhistoryoftheearlyHebrews:thecreationoftheworldandhumanbeingsthefallofman：AdamandEve亚当和夏娃。Eden伊甸园Noah’sArk诺亚方舟Abraham’scovenant契约withGod。上帝让Abraham只信仰他，就封给他一个土地，就是Palestine。当时叫做Canaan迦南ExodusledbyMoses.Moses这个人是Hebrew的领导者，见了埃及法老，说耶和华想让希伯来人离开印度，于是导致大批离去Exodus.TheTenCommandments《十诫》ReturntoCanaan,knownastheIsraelites返回到迦南，现在以色列的地理位置7.TheChristianBibleincludestheOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.8.theOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.TheNewTestamentisthedoctrineofJesusGhrist.9.JesusChrist:thefounderChristianity,HislifeanddeedsarerecordedinthefirstfourbooksoftheNewTestament(Matthew,Mark,Luke,andJohn),whicharecalledthefourGospels.真理信条10.Jesuswasbornintoapoorcarpenter’s木匠family.Jesushadneverdreamedoffoundingacosmopolitan世界性的religionofallpeoples.Atthebeginning,Christianitywasbutaninsignificantsect不起眼的宗教withinJudaism.11.JesuswasbetrayedbyJuda.被犹大背叛。最后的晚餐。12.Jesuswascrucifiedasarevolutionarypreacheranddangerousreformer.被钉在十字架上（因为他定义自己为thesonofGod）13.St.Paul,travelingextensively,establishingchurchesallaroundtheempire,attracting(bothJewishandgentile)believers,writingletters