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苏通大桥国外桥梁上部结构文献汇编目录1昂船大桥设计方案的开发·····························································································12香港昂船斜拉索大桥的设计·························································································93厄勒海峡（öresund）交通线中的斜拉索大桥的详细设计·····································174厄勒海峡桥——不仅仅是一座桥··············································································255多多罗大桥——世界上最长的斜拉索大桥······························································356诺曼底大桥的设计······································································································397横跨科林斯湾的瑞昂-安提瑞昂大桥········································································618香港汀九大桥··············································································································689很大跨度斜拉桥风载设计的结构对策······································································7410斯堪松德特大桥··········································································································8511西海大桥中的斜拉索桥的设计··················································································9312钢混斜拉桥最大跨径限制准则················································································10213曼谷拉玛8号桥的设计·····························································································11614斯堪的纳维亚架桥方式····························································································12515里昂-安蒂里昂（RION-ANTIRION）大桥····························································13616里昂大桥的动态特性与被动地震控制····································································14317斜拉桥桥面梁的压曲稳定性与次应力效应····························································15318很大跨度桥：概念、材料和方法············································································15919查理河大桥：波斯顿的门户····················································································17220乌德瓦拉斜拉桥········································································································18121威廉·纳切尔创新斜拉桥························································································19022钢和混合结构············································································································19823苏伊士运河斜拉桥的规划、设计和施工································································20624Surgut市Obj河上破记录大桥················································································21525建造Chacao海峡大桥遇到的难题··········································································22226明石海峡大桥上部结构的设计与施工····································································23027超越安装施工的限制································································································23628旧金山-奥克兰湾新桥自锚悬索桥的设计······························································244昂船大桥设计方案的开发1昂船大桥设计方案的开发中国香港特别行政区政府高速公路局摘要香港昂船大桥因其设计独特、位置重要，将成为世界上最长、最壮观的斜拉索桥。该桥的概念设计是2000年通过国际设计竞赛获得的，并被作为后来进一步修改和完善的基准设计。2001年对此优胜设计进行了评改，从改进工艺技术的角度，提出了一些工程方面的修改意见，但对优胜设计的总体外表未作改变。本文概述了对优胜设计进行修改后所采纳的设计。它着重强调了设计竞赛后所作的某些修改，以及在细节设计时继续要做的一些工作。前言9号公路是一条连接大屿山香港国际机场和市区的东西向高速公路。97年完工的北大屿山高速公路、青马大桥和汲水门大桥为该公路的组成部分。其余两部分是青衣与长沙湾之间的路段，以及长沙湾与沙团之间的路段。9号公路青衣与长沙湾之间的路段是一条7.6公里长的双向6车道高速公路，西接青马大桥和汀九大桥，东连西九龙高速公路以及9号公路长沙湾与沙团之间的路段。这条路线还包括青衣岛的地下隧道、横跨蓝巴勒海峡的昂船大桥、以及连接西九龙现有公路网的几座高架桥。图1给出了这条公路的走向和大桥的位置。图1昂船大桥的位置昂船大桥设计方案的开发22.国际设计竞赛香港青衣与昂船洲之间的昂船大桥的跨度将超过1公里。这样一座雄伟的构筑物将成为香港西部的标志性建筑，其特有的海洋性景观将使它成为世界上最引人注目的地方。鉴于这一具体环境背景，高速公路局为获得昂船大桥的概念设计组织了一次国际设计竞赛。设计竞赛于1999年11月开始，竞赛结果于2000年9月公布。由于有海外、大陆及本土设计小组的积极参与，这次设计竞赛得到了无比广泛的支持。优胜者为由Halcrow有限公司、Flint&Neill合伙公司、Dissing+weitling公司、上海市政工程设计院组成的设计小组。优胜方案为有两座298米高单柱桥塔的斜拉索桥设计。大桥总长为1.6公里，主跨为1,018米。桥塔从桥面往上都为圆柱形，在桥面上的直径为14米，顶端直径为7米。塔上部的120米为钢结构，以下部分则为钢筋混凝土结构。53.5米宽的桥面，边跨使用了双混凝土箱梁，延伸到主跨内24米。主跨部分使用了双钢箱梁。两箱之间用横向构件互相连接。桥塔和桥面用混凝土横梁作整体连接。3.优胜设计设计者拿出了一个大胆而简单的方案，一座具有创纪录跨度的、有两个渐缩单圆柱形塔柱的斜拉索大桥。桥塔上端钢结构的使用给大桥增添了“现代化风采”，使人感到这是21世纪的创造。除大桥自身外，设计者还仔细考虑了与周围环境的关系。该桥将成为香港最繁忙的港区的入口标志，这个港口是世界上最大的海港之一，充满活力，生机勃勃。由于大桥结构明快，桥塔风格雅致，设计者相信，它将为图2优胜设计：昂船大桥下的壮观图3优胜设计的桥塔昂船大桥设计方案的开发3香港的白天与夜晚增添异彩。评委们认为，该设计是一个给人印象深刻而又雄伟的方案。他们认为，对于山峦起伏、高楼林立、海港繁荣的美丽景观，单体直立的塔柱是与之相称的。塔柱及其结构作为一个整体将会给这样的美景增辉。风格雅致的大桥将与邻近的三座大桥融为一体。从所有的视点都可看到大桥的廓形。并且，从不同的视点看，其形状都不会有重大变化。评委们还赞扬了拼合桥面使用了具有曲线感的横梁。无论是从海上还是从集装箱码头旁周围的陆地上看，该桥都是宏伟壮丽的。建议沿桥塔简明的线条布置夺人眼目的灯彩。4.昂船大桥设计的修改完善昂船大桥的设计是国际设计比赛的成果，必须保留大桥的总体外观，将修改的范围限制在既不影响总体外观，又能明显提高大桥的施工可行性、结构/气动性能、以及可维护性/耐久性。然而，在肯定昂船大桥将是世界上跨度最长的斜拉索桥的前提下，必须充分考虑技术方面的问题，并将施工成本降到最低。2001年委派给Arup和COWI的细节设计课题的首要任务就是审议优胜设计的技术可行性。这方面的一个关键问题就是斜拉索的振动，特别是桥面引起的线性共振或涡流脱落引起的桥塔振动。评改集中在以下几个问题上：·鉴于纵梁和桥塔之间的整体连接的影响，大桥的结构是否恰当。这个还包括了从钢桥面到混凝土桥面的过渡部位；·桥面的布置，包括纵梁与横梁之间的连接细节，横梁间的间距，横梁的宽度以及纵梁横向隔板的间距。·在建桥期间以及成桥状态下大桥结构稳定性和气动稳定性。·风及其与拉索的相互作用而引起的桥塔的动态特性。4.1联接方式基准方案中已经提出桥面与桥塔的整体式连接方案。它是用一根宽的混凝土横梁来连接桥面和桥塔的。建议去掉这根混凝土横梁，引入另一种连接方法。在这个连接处，对于短期荷载（风引起的动态荷载和地震荷载）而言，桥面横向靠弹性承重结构支承，纵向用液压缓冲器支承；对长期荷载（活荷载、温度荷载、常年风载、收缩、蠕变等），桥面可相对于桥塔纵向移动。昂船大桥设计方案的开发4研讨改变桥面与桥塔之间连接方案的理由是：·减小大桥营运状态下温度对桥塔的制约力；·减小大桥“全悬臂施工”期间以及成桥状态下桥塔的扭力力矩。抖振分析表明，在自由悬臂（freecantilevering）期间，桥面下的桥塔部分的剪切应力是过载的，因为桥面的摆动变成了桥塔的扭力。·消灭桥面绕水平轴弯曲“硬点”（hardpoint）避免同时出现严重的双轴向弯曲和压缩。4.2桥塔上部具有金属外观的圆柱形单柱桥塔是昂船大桥最与众不同的最大特点之一。因此，这些特点被得以保留，这一点至关