全英文介绍-中国哲学

Chinesephilosophyisthecollectivedesignationforthevariousschoolsofthought.ItdevelopedindependentofEuropeanandothercivilizedcountries,withitsowndistinguishingfeatures,uniqueconceptsystemsandexperienceways.Chinesephilosophyhasbecomeoneofthethreephilosophysystemsintheworld,theothertwobeingWesternphilosophyandIndianphilosophy.Chinesephilosophyhasdevelopedoverseveralthousandofyears.ItsorigincanbetracedbacktotheXia,Shang,andZhoudynasties.ItbegintotakedefiniteshapesduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodandenjoyedthrivingdevelopmentbecauseoftheemergenceofthe“ahundredschoolsofthoughtcontend”duringtheWarringStatesPeriod.TheDevelopmentofAncientChinesePhilosophyTheBasicFeaturesofAncientChinesePhilosophyCharacteristicsofChineseEthicsandMoralityTheDevelopmentofAncientChinesePhilosophyThephilosophyinpre-Qintimes（先秦子学）TheorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty（两汉经学）MetaphysicduringtheWeiandJindynasties（魏晋玄学）TheBuddhistphilosophyduringtheSuiandTangdynasties（隋唐佛学）Neo-ConfucianisminSongandMingdynasties（宋明理学）ApplicationphilosophyintheMingandQingdynasties（明清实学）WinstonSun(551–479BC)EducatorThinkerStatesmanAsymbolofChinesecultureWinstonSunEducationHeestablishedfirstprivateschoolinChinaandacceptedthestudentsfromeverywhere.Subjects:Manners,Music,Literature,Riding,ArcheryandMathematics(礼，乐，射，御，书，数）Hehave3000students.Amongthem,72becamefamousscholars.WinstonSunWinstonSun1.Tostudybutnotthink,youwillbeconfused.Justtothinkbutnotstudy,youwillbelazy.（学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。）2.Whatyoudonotwantdonetoyourself,donotdotoothers.（己所不欲勿施于人。）3.Reviewingwhatyouhavelearnedandlearningnewones,youcanbemyteacher.（温故而知新可以为师矣。）WinstonSunStressonspiritualexistenceStressonpracticeStressonmoralityStressonharmonyStressonintuitionSpiritualexistenceConfucianism’sknowledgeoflifethroughdispositionandconsciousness，Taoism’ssearchforspiritualfreedomandBuddhism’s“Nirvana”allreflecttheirpursuitofthecompletespiritualhappiness.(把儒家的真性、道家的飘逸、佛教的超脱融合起来，就可以体会出中国古代人生哲学的境界。)Practice“Topreferitisbetterthanonlytoknowit.Todelightinitisbetterthanmerelytopreferit.”(这里的践履并非人类的生产实践，而是偏重于个人的修德重行。)MoralityMonarch’sbenevolenceandlowerofficials’loyalty,fathers’kindnessandsons’filialpiety,elderbrothers’friendlinessandyoungerones’respect,andfriends’mutualtrust.(中国古代哲学从本质上讲可以说是一种道德哲学。)HarmonyHarmonybetweenmanandnatureandalsobetweenmanandman.(中庸之道是中国古代哲学的基本精神之一。)IntuitionThephilosophicalideaswereformedbasedonintuitionandreflectiononlife’sexperiences.(这些哲学思想是哲学家们所得所悟的思维以及直觉体验的结晶，无论是影响深远“天人合一”、“道”，还是孟子所讲的尽心、知性、知天，养“浩然之气”，庄子讲“天地与我并生，万物与我为一”，魏晋玄学家讲“言不尽意”，“得意忘象”，都是一种并不能由语言概念来确指、来表现，而只能靠主体依其价值取向在经验范围内体悟的思想。)1.TheMastersaid,Ayouth,whenathome,shouldbefilial,and,abroad,respectfultohiselders.Heshouldbeearnestandtruthful.Heshouldoverflowinlovetoall,andcultivatethefriendshipofthegood.Whenhehastimeandopportunity,aftertheperformanceofthesethings,heshouldemploytheminpolitestudies.“(子曰：“弟子，入则孝，出则弟，谨而信，凡爱众，而亲仁。行有余力，则以学文。”)2.“(.TheMastersaid,Whenweseemenofworth,weshouldthinkofequalingthem;whenweseemenofacontrarycharacter,weshouldturninwardsandexamineourselves子曰：“见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。”)3.Themastersaid,“ifamantakenothoughtaboutwhatisdistant,hewillfindsorrownearathand.”(子曰∶“人无远虑，必有近忧。”)Ethicsisthemoralprinciplefordealingwithpeople.Moralityisasocialideologywhichservesasthenormsforpeople’slivesandbehaviours.Question:thethreeobediencesandfourvirtues?thethreebasicrulesandfiveconstantvirtues?CharacteristicsofChineseEthicsandMorality1.SeekingharmonyandmaintainingequilibriumHarmonyseekspeace,compromise,concord,andunison.Maintainingequilibriumistheultimatepurposeofharmony.2.CollectivismoverindividualismTraditionalChinesevaluesattachgreatimportancetocollectiveinterest.Anindividual’svaluecanberealizedonlywithinsocietyasawhole,asthatisthegroundworkofone’sexistence.3.SpirituallifeovermateriallifeSelf-cultivationinmoralsisemphasizedandisconsideredtobemoreimportantthanone’smaterialpursuits.