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Word-formationWord-formationorword-buildingisthatbranchoflexicologywhichstudiesthepatternsonwhichalanguage,inthiscase,theEnglishlanguage,coinsnewwords.Percentageofnewwordscoinedbythedifferentword-formationprocessesafterWorldWarThethreemajorprocessesofwordformation:CompositionorCompoundingDefinition:Compoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.Compoundingisthemostproductiveword-formationprocessincontemporaryEnglish.Identitycrisis个性危机stand-upcollar竖领hit-and-runtactics打了就跑的战术spoon-feed填鸭式灌输，娇养糊里糊涂muddle-headed/minded笨嘴笨舌heavy-tongued无忧无虑carefree饱经风霜weather-beaten/worn令人心碎heart-breaking半死不活dead-alive/dead-and-alive不合时宜ill-timed/badly-timed批量生产mass-produceCompoundsareveryoftenusedbecauseoftheirbrevityandvividness.Forexample,Aschoolboyismoreconcisethan“aboyattendingschool”;“Up-to-the-minuteinformation”ismorevividthan“thelatestinformation”;“Theoldmanwouldsitforhours,thinkingsadlyofallthemight-have-beens”ismorecompactandexpressivethan“…thinkingsadlyofthedesirablethingsthatcouldhavehappenedinthepast.”TherelativecriteriaofacompoundwordOrthographiccriterion(书写标准):Compoundsarewritteninthreeways,e.g.solid:airmail;hyphenated:air-conditioning;open:airforce,airraid.Phonologicalcriterion(语音标准):Compoundaccent:asinglestressonthefirstelement;oramainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement.E.g.'blackboard,'blue‘bottle(alargebuzzingflywithbluebody)Normalphraseaccent:asecondarystressonthefirstelementandamainstressonthesecondelement.E.g.‘blue'bottle(abottlewhichisblue)Semanticcriterion(语义标准):Acompoundisacombinationformingaunitexpressingasingleidea.Thelexicalmeaningofthecomponentsarecloselyjoinedtogethertocreateacompoundwithameaningwhichonecaneasilyrecognize,e.g.backdoor,sunset,workday.However,themeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts,e.g.dogdays,flatfoot(apoliceman),greenhouse,greenback(美钞)，green-hand(生手),greenroom（演员休息室）,motherwit（天生的智力）,Indianpaper（字典纸）.Moreexamples:homeletters(家信),homevoyage（归程）,homelife（家庭生活）,homeaffairs（家庭事务），homebird（不爱外出的人）,homeeconomics（家政学）,homefront（大后方）,homegames（在本地举行的比赛）,homehelp（家务女佣）,homemaker（主妇）,homeplate（棒球的本垒打）,homesickness（思家病）.Wordorder:Aflowerpot(花盆)apotflower(盆花)tiptoe(脚尖)deaf-mute（聋哑者）SomeofthemwereinfluencedbyFrench:courtmartial(军事法庭);presidentelect（当选总统）;ambassadordesignate（尚未上任的大使）ClassificationofcompoundsCompoundscanbeclassifiedaccordingtopartsofspeechofthecompounds.nouncompounds:airplane,flowerpotadjectivecompounds:weather-beaten,snowwhiteverbcompounds:proof-read,baby-sitpropositioncompounds:notwithstanding,alongsideofconjunctioncompounds:whenever,whereaspronouncompounds:another,myselfThethreecommonesttypesarenouncompounds,adjectivecompounds,andverbcompounds.nouncompounds•Noun+nounrainwater雨水;springwater泉水;houseplants室内植物;fireball火球;firecracker鞭炮;spacecraft/spaceship太空船；spacesuits太空服；mousemat；鼠标垫DreamTeam；barcode条形码；lipservice口头上说得好听的话；informationhighway信息高速公路；sciencefiction科幻小说；sugarcane甘蔗；gaslight煤气灯；•Noun+verbdaybreak拂晓；nightfall夜幕降临；sunset/sunrise日落，earthquake地震；landslip/landslide(山体滑坡)；headachetoothache；stomachache；heartbeatdrumbeat；footbeat脚步节拍；wingbeat翅翼振动；window-dress布置橱窗；water-supply自来水；snowfall降雪量；toothpick牙签；haircut；pickpocket；scarecrow稻草人(scarethecrow)•Verb+nouncrybaby(爱哭的婴儿)；playboy(花花公子)；glowworm(发光虫)；watch-dog(看家狗),swearword（骂人话）,breakwater（防波提）,driveway（车道）,jumpsuit（伞兵跳伞服，连衣裤工作服）；rattlesnake(响尾蛇)•Verb+adv/prepchangeover(转变进程)；setback(挫折)；breakdown(崩溃)，show-off(炫耀),slip-up（疏忽，不幸事故）,put-off（推迟，搪塞）,follow-up（连续广告法）sit-in,dropout,breakdown,walk-on,walkout,setback,take-off•Adjective+nounclear-way(超速道路),easy-chair,deadline,harddisk,softdisk，redtape(官样文章)•adverb+noununder-clothes(内衣),after-effect（后效，副作用）,upgrade（升级）,overburden•V+ing+nounchewinggum(口香糖),bakingpowder（发酵粉）,readinglamp（台灯）,lodginghouse（分间出租供人休息用的房屋），leadingarticle(社论),workingparty（作业队）•Adverb+verboutlet(出口),upset（颠覆）,downfall（垮台，陷落）,upstart（暴发户）,onflow（滚滚向前）adjectivecompounds•Pre-modifierVS.Post-modifier(describeanounphraseorrestrictitsmeaninginsomeway)•Compoundmodifiers,becauseoftheirexpressivenessandbrevity,areusedquiteflexiblyincurrentEnglish,especiallyinjournalisticwritings.•noun+adjective•skin-hungry,power-hungry,news-hungry,career-hungry(急于成名的),bloodthirsty•duty-free,tax-free,fat-free,toll-free,maintenance-free,dust-free,interest-free,care-free,ice-free,danger-free,nuclear-weapon-free•water-proof,fire-proof,bullet-proof,rain-proof,bomb-proof,vibration-proof•air-sick,seasick,car-sick,home-sick,heartsick(沮丧的)•user-friendly,reader-friendly•profit-conscious,time-conscious,class-conscious,environment-conscious,security-conscious•slap-happy(被打得晕头转向的)boxer，trigger-happy(嗜杀成性的)gangster，travel-happy(对旅游入迷的)•accident-prone,crisis-prone(危机四伏的)，error-prone,•air-tight(不透气的)，water-tight,light-tight(不透光的),rain-tight•work-shy(不愿工作的)，camera-shy(怕上镜头的)，publicity-shy(不愿出头露面的)•color-blind,night-blind•blood-weary(厌战的)，travel-weary(旅途劳累的)•stone-deaf,skin-deep,snow-white,ice-cold,knee-deep,paper-thin,mirror-bright,feather-light,fire-hot,cry