skopos-theory翻译功能目的论

检索人：张源博、胡富田整理人：叶子萌PPT制作：武墨函、丁锦勤讲解人：刘铠恺ContentHansVermeerandSkopostheoryChapter1Chapter2three“skoposrules”Chpter3commentontheSkopostheoryClicktoaddTitleChapter1HansVermeerandSkopostheoryPart1Hansvermeer•Prof.Dr.h.c.Hans-JosefVermeer(September24,1930-Heidelberg,February4,2010),Germanlinguistandtranslationscholar.•HewasappointedProfessorofGeneralandAppliedLinguisticsattheUniversityofMainzinGermersheim(1971–1983).AfterthatheheldthechairofTranslationStudieswithspecialreferencetoPortugueseatHeidelbergUniversity(1984–1992).HewasalsoavisitingprofessoratLeopoldFranzensUniversityinInnsbruck(1999–2002),BosphorusUniversityinIstanbul(2002–2003)andOkanUniversityinIstanbul(2004–2008).HefinallyreturnedtotheuniversitiesofMainzandHeidelbergtoteachinhisfinalyears.•Heestablishedtheskopostheory.Part2翻译目的论的产生背景•In1970s,withthepragmaticturnbothinlinguistics(leadingtoapragmatics-basedtexttheory)andliterarytheory(leadingtoreceptionaestheticstexttheory)aswellascommunicationtheoryinmind,VermeerandotherSkoposscholarsstartedtoviewtranslationasapurposefulinterculturalcommunicativeactingbetweenindividualsinsteadofsomethingthatisdonetoatextbyatranslator.•HavingbeentrainedasaninterpreterbyKatharinaReiss,Vermeertookupgenerallinguistics,thentranslationstudiesandalsodesiredtobreakwithlinguistictranslationtheorybyproposinganewtranslationtheory.•SkopostheorieisexplainedindetailinthebookAFrameworkforaGeneralTranslationTheoryco-authoredbyVermeerandReissin1984.Part3Thenewtheory–SkopostheoryWhatisskopos?SkoposistheGreekwordforaimorpurposeandwasintroducedintotranslationtheoryinthe1970sbyHansJ.Vermeerasatechnicaltermforthepurposeofatranslationandoftheactionoftranslating.Skopostheorytranslationisakindofactionthathasapurpose.•Thefocalpointsofthistheorylieinthreeaspects:substanceoftranslation,participantsoftheprocessoftranslationandprinciplesoffunctionalconceptoftranslation.•ItintroducedtheideathatatranslationshouldalwaysbeconductedtofulfilthepurposeoftheTT（targettext）intheTT’ssituation.•Theprimeprincipledetermininganytranslationprocessisthepurpose(Skopos)oftheoveralltranslationalaction.大王有令,有破刺客长空者,赏千金,封千户侯。ByorderofHisMajesty,hewhokillsSkywillreceivegoldandland.这句台词中,千金,千户侯都含有文化信息,若全部保留文化信息,其译文应该是:ByorderofHisMajesty,hewhokillsSkywillbeawardedonethousandtalesofgoldandbedubbedmarquis(爵候，世袭贵族）withapossessionofonethousandhouseholds将千金译为gold,而不是onethousandtalesofgold,将万户侯译为land而不是marquiswithapossessionofonethousandhouseholds,显然是删减了其中的文化信息,但基本意却都在,丝毫不影响观众对故事的理解。这样简单易懂的字幕就能使观众更充分的欣赏画面、色彩和精彩的武打场面。Thereisnosuchthingastimetravel.你穿越剧看多了吧。原意是“穿越这种事根本就不存在啊。”“穿越剧”在国内观众中是比较流行的剧种，译者直接用“穿越剧”来指代“穿越”。产生幽默的作用TheSkoposrule目的规则Coherence(Intra-texualCoherence)连贯规则TheFidelityrule(Inter-textualCoherence)忠实规则/互文连贯性three“skoposrules”Chapter2目的论的基本原则目的准则•目的准则指翻译应能在译语情境和文化中，按译语接受者期待的方式发生作用。决定翻译过程的根本原则是整个翻译活动的目的（skopos），即“结果决定方法”。这种目的有三种解释：1）译者的基本目的；2）译文的交际目的；3）特定翻译策略或手段要达到的目的。但通常“目的”是指译文的交际目的。即翻译过程的发起者，决定译文的交际目的，发起者出于某一特殊需要，在理想状况下，他会给出需要译文的原因，译文接受者、使用译文的环境、译文应具有的功能以及与原因有关的细节等。所有这些构成了“翻译要求”。举例•Wecaretoprovideserviceaboveandbeyondthecallofduty.-ups•一问：殷勤有加，风雨不改（UPS快递）•若直译这则广告，应是“我们愿意提供高于或者超出责任感的服务”。虽然译文在语义和词义上都属于忠诚对等翻译，但四字结构“殷勤有加，风雨不改”更能向目的与消费者传达该公司的服务精神，达到意义上的忠诚，是广告在目标文化的诱惑功能得以最大程度地实现。Coherence连贯准则•Coherence（IntratextualCoherence）:atranslationshouldbeacceptableinasensethatitiscoherentwiththereceivers’situation,beingpartofthereceivers’situation.•连贯准则是指译文必须考虑接受者的背景知识和实际情况，最大限度地做到语义连贯，以便译文接受者能够理解其义符合译入语的表达习惯。•Thetargettextmustbetranslatedinsuchawaythatitiscoherentforthetargetreceivers,giventheircircumstancesandknowledge.Translatorshouldconformtothecannonsandethnicrulesinthetargetlanguageandculture,andreproducetheinformationofferedinthesourcetextinanacceptableandaccessiblewaytothetargetreader,takingtheirbackgroundknowledgeandsituationalcircumstancesintoaccount.TheFidelityRule忠实准则•Fidelityrule(IntertextualCoherence):atranslationshouldbeasfaithfulaspossibletotheoriginal.•忠实准则是指原文和译文中应该存在某种对应关系，并不要求原文和译文在内容上一字不差。•Theremustbeaninter-textualcoherencebetweenthesourcetextsandtargettexts,whichissimilartothefidelitytothesourcetexts.•例1.WaterlooBridge《魂断蓝桥》（直译为滑铁卢桥）•不仅避开了中国观众由于地域文化差异、历史背景知识缺乏而引起的迷惑;而且蓝桥蕴含着中国文化的特色,与牛郎织女的鹊桥相会相仿,能够使观众一看到片名就能心领神会,而且具有很高的审美价值。译者要把握观众的审美需求,达到形式美和内容美的统一以及要考虑到观众的心理需求。最终在实现电影片名翻译的目的:吸引观众看电影。RelationshipsbetweenthethreerulesItseemsthatVermeerprescribesthehierarchicalruleinlinewithactiontheoryandliteraryreceptiontheory:theSkoposistheboss,intratextualcoherencethesecondandfidelitythelowest;thelasttworulesaresubordinatedtotheSkoposofthetranslation.•忠实准则服从于连贯准则，而这二者服从于目的准则。Chapter3CommentontheSkopostheoryadvantagesofskopostheory•Advantage1TranslationisaDECISIONMAKINGprocess.Thecriteriaforthedecisionsareprovidedbytheskopos,i.e.theconcretepurposeandaimsinaconcretetranslationcommission.•目的论提供给翻译界一个更为合理，科学的判断标准。目的论摆脱了对等论的束缚，判断的标准不再是单纯目的语和源语之间纯文字间的对等，着重指出判断翻译的标准是目的语的目的达到与否。•Advantage2Itsemphasisontheintentionalnatureoftranslationoffersanewwayofexaminingandchoosingfinishedtranslationsaswellasopeningnewresearchavenuesintranslationreceptionandtranslatortraining.•目的论为广告文稿、旅游介绍、政治文献、