中国文化概况-Chapter-5

Chapter5EducationAGlimpseofChineseCulture本章教学的目的1.了解中国教育发展简史;2.掌握古今教育有关常用术语;3.探讨中国教育现状及心目中的优秀教师标准。本章教学的重难点1.古代教育模式、科举制度2.现代教育基本概况3.国际交流与合作4.有关优秀教师标准的讨论本章教学的时间安排教师课堂讲解（60minutes）1.TheDevelopmentofTraditionalEducation(25minutes)2.PresentEducation(30minutes)3.InternationalExchangesandCooperation(5minutes)师生讨论(10minutes)学生课件展示(30minutes)TheDevelopmentofTraditionalEducation(25minutes)PrivateSchools(5minutes)OfficialSchools(10minutes)ImperialExaminationSystem(10minutes)PrivateSchoolsAprivateschoolreferstoaschoolsetupbyafamily,clan,orteacherthatgenerallyhadjustoneteacherwhogaveindividualtuition,andthathadnosettextbooksandnospecifiedtimespanofstudy.IntheSpringandAutumnPeriod,privateschoolsprevailedandmanyscholarsofdifferentschoolsofthoughtspreadtheirteachinginthisway.Amongthem,theprivateschoolrunbyConfuciuswasthelargestandmostinfluential.OfficialSchoolsOfficialschoolsbeganduringtheWesternZhouDynasty,andweresponsored(创办)bytheofficialconstitutioncalledXiangxue(乡学:officialinstitutions).Onlychildrenofnobleswereadmitted.Theofficialschoolingsystemincludedacentralschoolandlocalschoolsindifferentadministrativeregions.TheteachingmaterialswerecenteredontheFourBooksandtheFiveClassics(四书五经).WhataretheFourBooksandtheFiveClassics?FourBooksTheGreatLearning《大学》TheDoctrineofMean《中庸》TheAnalectsofConfucius《论语》Mencius《孟子》FiveClassicsTheBookofPoems《诗经》TheBookofHistory《尚书》TheBookofRites《礼记》TheBookofChanges《易经》TheSpringandAutumnAnnals《春秋》TheAcademyofClassicLearning(书院)ItcameintobeingduringtheTangDynastyandcontinueduntiltheendoftheQingDynasty.Theywereestablishedinvariouslocalitiesforstudiesandlectures.DoyouknowfourfamousacademiesofancientChina?YueluAcademy(岳麓书院)BailudongAcademy(白鹿洞书院)SongyangAcademy(嵩阳书院)YingtianAcademy(应天书院)Howdidtheimperialexaminationsystemappear?AftertheSuiDynasty,theseprivateandofficialschoolshadgraduallydeteriorated(衰败)intoadependencyontheimperialexaminationsystem(科举考试制度),throughwhichofficialswereselected.ImperialExaminationSystemThesystemoftheimperialexamination,orKeju(科举)inChinese,dominatededucationinChina’sfeudalsociety.Itbecamethemethod,bywhichtalentedpeoplewererecognizedandselectedasgovernmentofficials.ThepracticebeganintheSuiDynastyandlastedmorethan1,300yearsuntilthelastexamination,whichwasheldduringtheQingDynasty.WhatarethetwolevelsconductedintheImperialExamination?“Xiangshi”(乡试)DuringtheMingandtheQingdynasties,imperialexaminationswereheldonceeverythreeyearsinvariousprovincialcapitalsfortheselectionofJurenfromtheXiucaiwhohadpassedsuchanexaminationatthecountylevel.“Huishi”(会试)DuringtheMingandtheQingdynastiesimperialexaminationswereheldonceeverythreeyearsinthecapitalforthosecandidatessuccessfulintheprovincialexamination.ThecivilexaminationItfeaturedwriting,whichinvolvedthewritingofanEight-partessay(八股文),andwasdesignedtoselectJinshi。Anessayinthisstylemustconsistofeightparagraphs:settingthetheme(破题),exposition(承题),explanation(起讲),proceedingtosethand(入手),thestatingpart(起股),themiddlepart(中股),therealpart(后股)andtheendingpart(束股),eachofthelastfourpartsincludestwopairsofparallelsentences,totalingeightpairs.TheMilitaryExaminationThemilitaryexaminationfeaturedmartialarts,includinghorsemanship,archery,andweightlifting.MoreInformation…三元及第坊三元,是省级的“乡试”、全国的“会试”和皇帝亲自主持的“殿试”均名列第一，分别获得“解元”、“会元”、“状元”称号的缩略。自唐代以科举取士1000多年来，连中三元的仅13人，清代两百多年中仅有2人。把用巨石镌刻的牌坊置于王城正门之上，是封建社会给科举成名者的至高荣誉。NewLearningVerydifferenttypeofschoolcalledNewLearning,modeledafterWesterneducationalinstitutions,replacedthetraditionalofficialschools.Publicschoolswerefoundedinallpartsofthecountrywithmanysubjectsofstudyofferedaspartofthecurriculum.PresentEducation(30minutes)BasicEducation(10minutes)SeniorMiddleSchoolandSecondaryVocationalSchool(5minutes)HigherEducation(5minutes)AdultEducation(5minutes)SpecialEducation(2minutes)VocationalEducation(1minutes)EducationforEthnicGroups(2minutes)BasicEducationBasiceducationencompassespreschooleducation,primaryschooleducationandmiddleschooleducation(juniormiddleandseniormiddle).Thelengthofschoolingis:fiveorsixyearsinprimaryschools,threeyearsinjuniormiddleschools,andthreeyearsinseniormiddleschools.Pre-schooleducationThemainformsofChina’spreschooleducationarenurseriesandkindergartens.China’snurseriesprovidecareforbabiesundertheageofthree.Therearedaynurseriesaswellasboardingnurseries(全托),whichreleasetheirchargesfortheweekend.Kindergartensenrollchildrenfromagethreetosix.Gameplayingformsthemainpartoftheireducationalactivities.HowdoyouunderstandNine-yearCompulsoryEducation?ThelawofcompulsoryeducationcameintoeffectonJuly1,1986,requiringeachchildtohavenineyearsofformaleducation.China’sNine-yearCompulsoryEducationiscomposedoftwoparts:six-yearsinprimaryschoolandthree-yearsinjuniorhighschool.Thecurriculumisdesignedtoensurearoundeddevelopmentofthestudentsmorally,intellectually,physicallyandaesthetically(德智体美全面发展),baseduponcognitive(认识)learningandthedevelopmentalneedsofchildrenatdifferentages.In1989,Chinalaunchedtwoambitiousprojects:ProjectHope(希望工程)andtheSpringBudProject(春蕾计划)The