hegel

G.W.F.HEGEL格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔(1770-1831)Whatisrealisrational,andwhatisrationalisrealAboutHegel•HegelispoliticalphilosopherandtherepresentativeofthemodernobjectiveidealisminGerman.•hemadeamostsystemic,richestandcompleteexpositionoftheGermanbourgeoisnationalphilosophy.Hegel'sthoughts•Hegel'sphilosophywasprofoudlyinfluencedbytheworkofKant.•TheHegelianphilosophicalsystemoccupiesacentralplaceinthehistoryandgenesisofmodernWesternthought.•Hissysteminfluencedawiderangeofphilosophieswhoseeffectsarestillwithustoday.•Hegel'sdoctrineshaveinformedmuchProtestanttheology,andhisphilosophyofhistoryhasprofoundlyaffectednumerousdisciplines,includingpoliticalandculturaltheory.HistoricalContextofHegel'sThought•Hegel'ssystemwasinitiallyinspiredbytheFrenchRevolutionof1789•Hegel'sphilosophywasforgedintheheatofcolossal,andsometimesviolent,politicalstruggleswhichforbourgeoissupremacyagainstaristocracyandabsolutepowercontinuedthroughthenineteenthcentury.•Hegel'sthoughteffectsavastsynthesisoftwomajorcurrents,theEnlightenmentandRomantic.TheHegelianDialectic•Dialecticisamodeofthinkingthatrecognizesthattheselfandworldstandinnecessaryconnection,thatthoughtisnotastaticsystemofclassificationbutaself-criticizingprocess,andthattheworldassimplygiventooursensesisnotworthyofthenamereality.•Onthreebroadlevels,logical,phenomenological(theformstakenbyconsciousness),andhistorical.substanceoppositeuniversal(intergration)•substance•opposite•universal(intergration):sincebeingbothimpliesitsoppositeandisalsoindistinguishablefromit,thegroundoftheirsimultaneousoppositionandidentitymustlieoutsideofthem.Theyareperpectuallypassingintoeachother,andthisindefinitetransitionbetweenthemneedstobeexpressedbyathirdterm,namely,becoming.Becoming,thenisthetruthofbeingandnothing,thehigherunityinwhichtheyarebothsublated(transcendedandyetpreserved).threemonentsofthedialectic386•immediacyandsimpleself-identity•representsourfirstviewofanobject,asmereexistence,asindependent.•mediationandexternalization,•locatetheobject'sessenceandidentitynotinitselfbutinsomethingelse,initsrelations.（content,nature,essence)•mediatedunity•theobjectasaparticularexistentandtheobjectasembodyingcertainuniversalandessentialqualities.logic•AsitisexpoundedinHegel'sLogic,itisclearthatdialecticalthinkingconstitutesanattackupontraditionallogic(whichattempttocomprehendastaticworldbymeansoffixedcategoriesandlaws)whichisbaseduponthenotiononidentity.•Hegelpointsoutthatifweactuallyadheredtothefirstlawoftraditionallogic,thatA=A,wewouldbereducedtosuchemptytautologicalutterancesasMind=mind.Thus,identityhasitsconnectionswithwhatisdifferentfromit.Henceidentityanddifferenceareinsparable.Hegel'sownlogic,enlistingthenotionoftheidentityindiversityoridentityindifferencethreebasicmodesohthought•understanding,whichviewstheworldasstaticandascomposedofdistinctparticulars;•dialectic,whichascertainsthecontradictoryanddynamicnatureofthings,butisunabletoresolvethesecontradictions•speculationwhichapprehendstheunityoftrems...intheiroppositionThephenomenologyofSpiritself-consciousnessHegelbeginsthesectiononself-certaintybystatingthatthethreeformsofconsciousnessalreadyexamined,sense-certainty,perception,andunderstanding,cannowbeseennotasself-subsistentviewsoftheworldbutasmomentsorphasesofself-consciousness.ForHegel,themostfundamentalformofself-consciousnessisdesire.AsHegelputsit:self-consciousnessisDesireingeneral.AsHegelputsit,self-consciousnesscanachievesatisfactionandrecognitiononlyinaotherself-consciousness.Inotherwords,tobecertainofmyhumanity,myself-consciousness,Imustobtainrecognitionnotfromanobject,norfromapersonwhomItreatasanobject,butfromapersonwhosehumanityIrecognize:weeachacknowledgetheothernotasobjectsbutasfree,autonomous.slave-masterdialectic•thelifeandthedeathstruggleresultsnotindeathbutinthevictoryandindependenceoroneconsciousness,whichexistsforitself,andtheutterdependeneorbondageoftheotherconsciousness,whichexistsonlyfortheother.Hegelcallstheformerthemasterandthelattertheslave.•themasterishewhohasriskedhislife,andhasshownthathecantranscendhismaterialexistence•theslaveishewhohasfearedtoriskhislife,andholdsontohismaterialbeing.