Arthur-Schopenhauer

ArthurSchopenhauer叔本华ArthurSchopenhauerLIFETHOUGHTSINFLUENCESLIFEArthurSchopenhauerwasborninarichfamilyinthecityofDanzig但泽（波兰港市）in1788.In1805,Schopenhauer'sfathermayhavecommittedsuicide.Shortlythereafter,Schopenhauer'smotherJohannamovedtoWeimar魏玛（德国城市）,thenthecentreofGermanliterature,topursuehiswritingcareer.LIFEAfteroneyear,SchopenhauerleftthefamilybusinessinHamburgtojoinher.In1809SchopenhauerbecameastudentattheUniversityofGöttingen哥廷根（德国一城市）InBerlin,from1811to1812,hehadattendedlecturesbytheprominentpost-Kantian(后康德)philosopherJohannGottliebFichte(约翰·戈特利布·费希特）andthetheologianFriedrichSchleiermacher.In1814,SchopenhauerbeganhisseminalworkTheWorldasWillandRepresentation(作为意志和表象的世界).Hewouldfinishitin1818andpublishitthefollowingyear.LIFEIn1820,SchopenhauerbecamealecturerattheUniversityofBerlin.HescheduledhislecturestocoincidewiththoseofthefamousphilosopherG.W.F.Hegel,（黑格尔德国古典唯心主义哲学家）whomSchopenhauerdescribedasaclumsycharlatan.However,onlyfivestudentsturneduptoSchopenhauer'slectures,andhedroppedoutofacademiaIn1831,acholeraepidemic霍乱蔓延brokeoutinBerlinandSchopenhauerleftthecity.SchopenhauersettledpermanentlyinFrankfurt（法兰克福市）in1833,whereheremainedforthenexttwenty-sevenyearsSchopenhauerhadarobustconstitution,butin1860hishealthbegantodeteriorate.Hediedofheartfailureon21September1860,whilesittingonhiscouchathome.Hewas72.THOUGHTS1813OntheFourfoldRootofthePrincipleofSufficientReason《论充足理由律的四重根》THOUGHTSEverythinghappensforareason,everythingcanbeexplaned：“任何事物都有它之所以如此的理由，或者说任何事物皆可被解释。”THOUGHTS1819TheWorldasWillandRepresentation（作为意志和表象的世界）人的一切行为是由意志活动和行为活动两方面构成的，意志只在行为活动中使自己现身。事实上它应该被理解为某种无法抑制的冲动，确切的说是盲目的冲动，某种非理性的欲求。我们所有的行为都是这种盲目的冲动，一切表象中的活动只是使我们感觉自由的假象。意志是一种不能被克服的东西，我们每一行为都是意志的现身。Humansweremotivatedbyonlytheirownbasicdesires,or“WilltoLive”,whichdirectedallofmankind.ForSchopenhauer,humandesirewasfutile,illogical,directionless,and,byextension,sowasallhumanactionintheworld.ToSchopenhauer,theWillisametaphysical形而上学的existencewhichcontrolsnotonlytheactionsofindividual,intelligentagents,butultimatelyallobservablephenomena.Will,forSchopenhauer,iswhatKantcalledthe“thing-in-itself(自在之物）.1804ANIMALWELFAREANIMALWELFARECompassionforanimalsisintimatelyassociatedwithgoodnessofcharacter,anditmaybeconfidentlyassertedthathe,whoiscrueltolivingcreatures,cannotbeagoodman.Nothingleadsmoredefinitelytoarecognitionoftheidentityoftheessentialnatureinanimalandhumanphenomenathanastudyofzoologyandanatomy.Theassumptionthatanimalsarewithoutrightsandtheillusionthatourtreatmentofthemhasnomoralsignificanceisapositivelyoutrageous粗暴的；可恶的exampleofWesterncrudityandbarbarity残暴；粗野.Universalcompassionistheonlyguaranteeofmorality一个人唯有当他抛弃一切虚伪自负并且求之于非矫饰的赤裸裸的存在时，方可达到心灵的宁静，而这种心灵的宁静正是人类幸福的根基。一切爱恋和激情，无论其摆出一副多么高雅飘渺、不食人间烟火的样子，都根植於性欲之中，这种强劲的动力仅此于对自身生命的热爱。无需与他人为伴，仅仅依靠自己是交好运的重要因素；因为，几乎我们遭受的全部不幸都源于与他人的交往,这种交往破坏了思想的平静，而在幸福的种种因素中，身体健康是首要的，其次便是思想的平静。从根本上说，只有我们独立自主的思索，才真正具有真理和生命。因为，惟有它们才是我们反复领悟的东西。他人的思想就像加别人飨桌上的残羹，就像陌生客人挪下的衣衫。Acertainamountofcareorpainortroubleisnecessaryforeverymanatalltimes.Ashipwithoutaballastisunstableandwillnotgostraight.(ArthurSchopenhauer.Gemanphilosopher)一定的忧愁、痛苦或烦恼，对每个人都是时时必需的。一艘船如果没有压舱物，便不会稳定，不能朝着目的地一直前进。聪明的人首要努力争取的无过于免于痛苦和烦恼的自由，求得安静和闲暇，以过平静和节俭的生活，减少与他人的接触，所以，智者在他和同胞相处了极短的时间后，就会退隐；若他有极高的智慧，他更会选择独居。*一个人内在所具备的愈多，求之于他人的愈少——他人能给自己的也愈少。所以人，智慧越高，越不合群。INFLUENCESSchopenhauerhashadamassiveinfluenceuponlaterthinkers,thoughmoresointhearts(especiallyliteratureandmusic)andpsychologythaninphilosophy.Histheoryisalsobeingexploredbysomemodernphilosophersasaprecursortoevolutionarytheoryandmodernevolutionarypsychology.INFLUENCES哲学家philosophers：尼采、萨特、维特根斯坦、柏格森、波普尔、霍克海默心理学家psychologists：弗洛伊德、荣格作家writers：托尔斯泰、莫泊桑、托马斯曼、贝克特、斯韦沃艺术家artists：萧伯纳、瓦格纳、马勒诗人poets：狄兰·托马斯、博尔赫斯科学家scientists：爱因斯坦、薛定谔、达尔文YOUARENOTARECEIVERBUTATHINKER