中国文化概况-chapter-2

Chapter2PhilosophyandReligionsAGlimpseofChineseCulture本章教学的目的1.中国古代哲学发展及内容的基本了解;2.中国主要宗教的基本概况;3.中国传统美德的继承和发扬。本章教学的重难点1.中国古代哲学的发展史;2.中国哲学的基本特点及伦理道德;3.中国道教和佛教;4.学生PPT展示。本章教学的时间安排教师课堂讲解(70minutes)ChinesePhilosophy(40minutes)ChineseReligions(30minutes)PPT展示(30minutes)ChinesePhilosophy(40minutes)TheDevelopmentofAncientChinesePhilosophy(20minutes)TheBasicFeaturesofAncientChinesePhilosophy(10minutes)CharacteristicsofChineseEthicsandMorality(10minutes)TheDevelopmentofChinesePhilosophyThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes(先秦子学)TheorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty(两汉经学)MetaphysicsduringtheWeiandJindynasties(魏晋玄学)ThebuddhistphilosophyduringtheSuiandTangdynasties(隋唐佛学)Neo-confucianisminSongandMingdynasties(宋明理学)ApplicationphilosophyintheMingandQingdynasties(明清实学)ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes(先秦子学)ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimeswasmarkedbytheemergenceofvariousancientphilosophicalviews.ThemostinfluentialschoolswereConfucianism(儒家),Taoism(道家),Mohism(墨家)andLegalism(法家)ConfucianismTheschooltakestheteachingsofConfuciusasitscoreofthoughtandregardsthewordsanddeedsofConfuciusasitshighestcode(准则)ofbehavior.Itadvocatesthebenevolenceandjustice,allegianceandforbearance(仁、义、忠、恕),thedoctrineofthegoldenmean(中庸)andvaluestheethicalrelationsofmen.TaoismBasedontheworkofDaoDeJing,Taoismpromotesthebeliefthatapersonshouldliveasimplelife,nottostriveforwealth,fameorpower,whichwillonlygiveoneworriesandtrouble.Theschoolfavoursthepoliticalprincipleof“achievinggoodgovernmentthroughnon-action”(无为而治)FoundedbyLaoZiandZhuangZi,theschooladvocatesthedoctrinethattheDaoisthecourse,theprinciple,thesubstance,andthestandardofallthings,towhichallofthemmustconform.MohismBaseontheteachingofMozi,theschoolcherishesuniversallovewhichstatesthatifallthepeopleintheworldlovedoneanother,therewillbenohatred,calamities,andhostilities.Inpoliticsandethics,Mohismproposeshonoringvirtuouspeople,opposingfatalism(宿命论)andaggressivewars,andupholdingthriftinessandsimplefunerals.LegalismLegalism,begunbyHanfeizi,espouses(主张)layingdownlawstounifythethoughtofpeople,promotingagriculturetoachieveaffluence(富裕),waging(进行)warstogainstrengthandpower,andestablishingasystemofbureaucracy(官僚制度).TheBasicFeaturesofChineseAncientPhilosophyStressonspiritualexistenceStressonpracticeStressonmoralityStressonharmonyStressonintuitionStressonSpiritualExistenceAncientChinesephilosophersstudiesdifferentkindsofphilosophicalproblemsbasedonrealityandexperience,butallofthempaidattentiontothestudyofexistence.allpursueinordertoachievethehighestspiritualstate.e.g.Confucianism’sknowledgeoflifethroughdispositionandconsciousness;Taoism’ssearchforspiritualfreedom;Buddhism’s“Nirvana”(涅磐).StressonPracticeChineseancientphilosopherswereconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenknowledgeandpractice.Example:“Topreferitisbetterthanonlytoknowit.Todelightinitisbetterthanmerelytopreferit,Todelightinitisbetterthanmerelytopreferit.”(知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。)StressonMoralityEveryschoolofancientChinesephilosophywasakindofmoralphilosophy.Almosteveryphilosophystressedmoralpractice.StressonHarmonyAncientChinesephilosophystressesonharmony,andthepursuitofharmonybetweenmanandnatureandalsobetweenmanandman.E.g.Menciussaid“OpportunitiesvouchsafedbyHeavenarelessimportantthanterrestrialadvantages,whichinturnarelessimportantthantheunityamongpeople.(天时不如地利，地利不如人和)”StressontheIntuitionChineseancientphilosophydidnotadheretoformalrulesofstructureandsysteminthoughtandoftenresultedinfragmented(片断的)thoughtswrittenonpaper.Itwasthroughreflectingonlife’sexperiencesandintuitionthatphilosophicalideaswereformed.CharacteristicsofChineseEthicsandMoralityTraditionalChineseethicsthatreflectthehighstandardormoralpursuitoftheChinesepeopleandembraceethicalwisdomoflastingvalue:SeekingHarmonyandMaintainingEquilibrium(平衡)2.CollectivismoverIndividualism3.SpiritualLifeoverMaterialLifeToChinesepeople,harmonyispowerfulword.Maintainingequilibriumistheultimatepurposeofharmony.SeekingHarmonyandMaintainingEquilibrium(平衡)CollectivismoverIndividualismTraditionalChinesevaluesattachgreatimportancetocollectiveinterest.Anindividual’svaluescanberealizedonlywithinsocietyasawhole,asthatisthegroundworkofone’sexistence.SpiritualLifeoverMaterialLifeChinesepeopleadvocatemoralityintheirbehavior.Self-cultivationinmoralsisemphasized,andisconsideredtobemoreimportantthanone’smateriallife.ChineseReligions(30minutes)TheTaoistReligion(15minutes)Buddhism(10minutes)TheTaoistReligion(15minutes)Taoismistheindigenous(土生土长的)relegioninChina.LuXunoncesaid,“TheChineserootsaredeepinTaoism.IfonetriestocomprehendChinesehistoryandculture,hemustfirstcomprehendTaoismandtheTaoistreligion.”TheTaoistreligionevolvedoutofwitchcraft(巫术),necromancy（方术)andself-cultivationtechniques.Itshighestbeliefiscalled“Dao”,itsbibleiscalled“DaoDeJing”.ZhangDaolingTheTaoistreligionwasfoundedbyZhangDaolingintheEasternHanDynastyandbecameverypopularduringtheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.TaishanglaojunTaoistsrevered(尊崇)LaoZiastheoriginatoroftheTaoistreligionandcalledhim“TaishangLaojun”(太上老君).TaoismT