英文疾病介绍——Hypertension

Hypertension高血压病WhatIsHypertension?Hypertension(HTN)isachronicmedicalconditioninwhichthebloodpressureinthearteriesiselevated(提高的).Highbloodpressure(alsocalledhypertension)isaseriousillnessthataffectsnearly65millionadultsintheUnitedStates.Highbloodpressureisoftencalledasilentkillerbecausemanypeoplehaveitbutdon'tknowit.Overtime,peoplewhodonotgettreatedforhighbloodpressurecangetverysickorevendie.DiagnosisBloodpressurereadingsareusuallygivenastwonumbers--forexample,120over80(writtenas120/80mmHg).Oneorbothofthesenumberscanbetoohigh.Thetopnumberiscalledthesystolicbloodpressure,andthebottomnumberiscalledthediastolicbloodpressure.Normalbloodpressureiswhenyourbloodpressureislowerthan120/80mmHgmostofthetime.Highbloodpressure(hypertension)iswhenyourbloodpressureis140/90mmHgorabovemostofthetime.Ifyourbloodpressurenumbersare120/80orhigher,butbelow140/90,itiscalledpre-hypertension.ClassificationOfHypertensionHypertensionisclassifiedaseitherprimary(essential)hypertensionorsecondaryhypertension;about90–95%ofcasesarecategorizedasprimaryhypertensionwhichmeanshighbloodpressurewithnoobviousunderlyingmedicalcause.Theremaining5–10%ofcases(secondaryhypertension)arecausedbyotherconditionsthataffectthekidneys,arteries,heartorendocrinesystem.CausesOfHypertensionGenes（遗传因素）Diet（膳食因素）SocialAndMentalCondition（社会心理应激因素）Stress（压力）Anger（愤怒）Frightened（惊吓）Others（其它因素）Obesity（[əʊˈbi:sɪti:]肥胖症）Smoke（吸烟）OlderAge（老龄）Inactivity（缺乏锻炼）Race（种族）Whoisatrisk?Anyonecanhavehighbloodpressure.Somepeoplearemorelikelytohavehighbloodpressureincluding:•AfricanAmericans(moresensitivetosalt)•Peopleoverage55•PeoplewithafamilyhistoryofhighbloodpressureYourchancesofhavinghighbloodpressurearehigherifyou:•Areoverweight,Eatfoodshighinsalt•Donotgetregularexercise,Smoke•Drinkalcoholheavily,•UnderStress,anger,frightenedorsadinalongtime.HypertensionSymptomsHighbloodpressureissometimescalledasilentkiller(无症状杀伤者)becauseitmayhavenooutwardsymptomsforyears(可能没有外在症状长达数年).Infact,oneinfivepeoplewiththeconditiondon‘tknowtheyhaveit.Internally([ɪnˈtɜ:nəlɪ],在体内地),itcanquietlydamagetheheart,lungs,bloodvessels,brain,andkidneysifleftuntreated.It’samajorriskfactorforstrokes(中风/脑卒中)andheartattacks(心脏病).PathologicalChanges(病变)高血压性心脏病：Leftventricleinhypertensiveheartdisease.左心室壁明显增厚Primarygranular([ˈgrænjələ],颗粒状的)atrophy([ˈætrəfi:],萎缩)ofthekidney（原发性颗粒性固缩肾）：withclearlyrecognizablegranularsurfaceofthekidney.(肾表面出现清晰可辨的颗粒物)Arteriolar([ɑ:ˌtiəriˈəulə],小动脉的)nephrosclerosis([ˌnefrəˌskliəˈrəusis])（细动脉性肾硬化）：Severearteriolarnephrosclerosis(严重细动脉性肾硬化).Nodular([ˈnɔdjulə])(结节性)hypertensivecerebralhemorrhage（高血压病脑出血）：Internalcapsule(内囊)orBasalganglia([ˈbeisəl][ˈɡæŋɡliə],基底神经节)insteadofbloodclots(被血凝块代替).Hypertensiveretinopathy([retiˈnɔpəθi],视网膜病变)（高血压性视网膜病变）Complications(并发症)Whenbloodpressureisnotwellcontrolled,youareatriskfor:•Bleedingfromtheaorta([eɪˈɔ:tə],主动脉出血),thelargebloodvesselthatsuppliesbloodtotheabdomen([æbˈdəʊmən]),pelvis([ˈpelvɪs]),andlegs(给腹部、骨盆和腿部供血的大血管)•Chronickidneydisease(慢性肾疾病)•Heartattackandheartfailure(心脏病和心力衰竭)•Poorbloodsupplytothelegs(下肢供血不足)•Stroke(中风/脑卒中)•Problemswithyourvision(视觉障碍)Treatment•TheDASHDiet--DietaryApproaches(饮食疗法)toStopHypertension--involveseatingmorefruits,vegetables,whole-grainfoods(全谷类食物),low-fatdairy(低脂奶),fish,poultry(禽肉),andnuts(坚果).Youshouldeatlessredmeat(红肉),saturatedfats(饱和脂肪),andsweets(甜食).•Exercise•Medications:Diuretics([ˌdaɪju‘retɪk])(利尿药)Beta-blockers(β-阻断剂)ACEInhibitors([ɪn’hɪbɪtə(r)])(血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂)ARBs(肾上腺素能受体结合剂)CalciumChannelBlockers(钙通道阻滞剂)•ComplementaryTherapies（补充医学疗法）:Yoga（瑜伽）,taichi（太极）,anddeepbreathing（深呼吸）alsohelp.PreventionAdultsover18shouldhavetheirbloodpressurecheckedregularly.Lifestylechangesmayhelpcontrolyourbloodpressure.•Exerciseoften.Eatfoodslowinsalt.•Loseweightorkeepweightatahealthylevel.•Donotsmoke.Limitalcohol.Medicalwords:Obesity（[əʊˈbi:sɪti:]肥胖症）granular([ˈgrænjələ],颗粒状的)atrophy([ˈætrəfi:],萎缩)Arteriolar([ɑ:ˌtiəriˈəulə],小动脉的)nephrosclerosis([ˌnefrəˌskliəˈrəusis])（肾硬化）Basalganglia([ˈbeisəl][ˈɡæŋɡliə],基底神经节)retinopathy([retiˈnɔpəθi],视网膜病变)aorta([eɪˈɔ:tə],主动脉)abdomen([æbˈdəʊmən])(腹部)pelvis([ˈpelvɪs])(骨盆)Diuretics([ˌdaɪju‘retɪk])(利尿药)ACEInhibitors([ɪn’hɪbɪtə(r)])(血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂)Therapy([ˈθerəpi])(治疗，疗法)Nodular([ˈnɔdjulə],结节性)