1直接引语和间接引语专题学习一、直接引语和间接引语的定义1.直接引语:直接引述别人的原话,叫直接引语,一般直接放在引号内。如:(1)Mymothersaidtome,“Youshouldfinishyourhomeworkfirst,thenyoucanplaywithyourfriends.”(2)Ourteachersaid,“Classisover,weshouldhavearest.”2.间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话,叫间接引语,被转述的话不放在引号内。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是:(1)MymothertoldmethatIshouldfinishmyhomeworkfirstandthenIcouldgooutandplaywithmyfriends.(2)Ourteachersaidclasswasoverandweshouldhavearest.二、直接引语变间接引语的方法1.陈述句直接引语如果是陈述句,将直接引语变间接引语为由that引导的宾语从句,跟在引述动词say,tell等之后(that在口语中可省略),从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、个别动词等要做相应的变化。在这一方面,汉语和英语有很多相是之处,因此,在做直接引语和间接引语的转换练习时,要特别注意句子的含义。1)人称的变化a)Hesaid,”Ilikeitverymuch.”Hesaidthathelikeditverymuch.b)Hesaidtome,”Ihaveleftmybookinyourroom.”Hetoldmethathehadlefthisbookinmyroom.c)“Idon’tloveher.”hesays.他说:“我不爱她。”Hesaysthathedoesn’tloveher.他说他不爱她。将直接引语中的人称代词、物主代词等转移到间接引语中时,要作相应的调整。直接引语中的第一人称要按照主句中的主语人称来变化;直接引语中的第二人称要按照主句中的宾语的人称来变化;直接引语中的第三人称一般不需要变化。简记为“一看主语二看宾语三不变”。2【注意】(1)若引述动词用的是saytosb,则通常改为tellsb:“It’sasecret.”hesaidtome.他对我说:“这是秘密。”→Hetoldmethatitwasasecret.他对我说那是秘密。(2)若直接引语是两个并列的陈述句,要注意在第二个宾语从句前加连词that:Hesays,“IlikesingingandIwanttobeasinger.”他说:“我喜欢唱歌,我想当歌手。”→Hesaysthathelikessingingandthathewantedtobeasinger.他说他喜欢唱歌,想当歌手。在此种情况下,引导第一个宾语从句的that有时可以省略,但引导第二个宾语从句的that通常不省略,以免误解。2)时态的变化如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语变间接引语时,从句的谓语动词在时态方面要做相应的变化。如主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的时态无需变化。变化规律见下表。直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时cancouldmaymightshallshouldwillwouldmustMust/hadto直接引语转换成间接接引语时时态的变化例句直接引语间接引语一般现在时→一“Idon’twanttosetdownaseriesofAnnsaidthatshedidn’twanttoset3般过去时factsinadariy,”saidAnn.downaseriesoffactsinadairy.现在进行时→过去进行时Theboysaid,“Iamusingaknife.”Theboysaidthathewasusingaknife.现在完成时→过去完成时Cellasaid,“IhavenotheardfromJordansinceMay.”CellasaidthatshehadnotheardfromJordansinceMay.”一般将来时→过去将来时ZhouLansaid,“I’lldoitafterclass“ZhouLansaidthatshewoulddoitafterclass.一般过去时→过去完成时Theysaid,“wesawherinthestreet.”Theysaidthattheyhadseenherinthestreet.过去完成时→过去完成时Hesaid,“Ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforesupper.”Hesaidthathehadfinishedhishomeworkbeforesupper.3)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化归纳表直接引语间接引语指示代词this这these这些that那those那些时间now现在bynow/sofar到现在(目前)为止then那时bythen到那时为止today今天thatday那天thismorning/afternoon/evening今天上午/下午/晚上thatmorning/afternoon/evening那天上午/下午/晚上thisweek/month/term/year/holiday/Monday本(这个)星期/月/假期/年/周一thatweek/month/term/year/holiday/Monday那(个)星期/月/假期/年/周一yesterday昨天thedaybefore前(头)一天yesterdaymorning/afternoon/evening昨天上午/下午/晚上themorning/afternoon/eveningbefore前一天上午/下午/晚上lastnight/week/month/term/year/holiday/Monday昨天晚上/上月/学期/去年/上个假期/周一thenight/week/month/term/year/holiday/Mondaybefore前一个晚上/周/月/学期/假期/星期一thedaybeforeyesterday前天twodaysbefore/earlier两天前thenight/week/month/term/year/holiday/Mondaybeforelast前天晚上/上上周/上上个月/上上学期/前年/上上个假期/上上个星期一twonights/weeks/months/terms/years/holidays/Mondaysbefore两个晚上/星期/月/学期/年/假期/星期一以前threedays/ayearago三天/一年前threedays/ayearbefore前三天/一年4状语ago以前before以前tomorrow明天thenext/followingday第二天tomorrowmorning/afternoon/evening明天上午/下午/晚上thenext/followingmorning/afternoon/evening第二天上午/下午/晚上nextweek/month/term//holiday/Monday/year下个星期/月/学期/假期/周一/明年thenext/followingweek/month/term//holiday/Monday/year下一个星期/月/学期/假期/周一/年thedayaftertomorrow后天twodayslater/intwodays/intwodays’time两天后theweek/month/term/year/holiday/Mondayafternext下下周/个月/学期/年/个假期/个星期一intwoweeks/months/terms/years/holidays/Mondays////intwoweeks’/months’/terms’/years’/holidays’/Mondays’time//twoweeks/months/terms/years/holidays/Mondaylater两个周/月/学期/年/个假期/个星期一以后地点状语here这儿there那儿动词come来go去bring带来take带去2.一般疑问句直接引语如果是一般疑问句,将直接引语变间接引语为由if/whether引导的宾语从句,方法是:将直接引语变为由if或whether引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后,间接引语必须用陈述句语序,引述动词是say或said时,要改为ask或asked.没有间接宾语的,可以根据情况加上。例如:“Areyouill?”heasked.他问:“你病了吗?”→Heasked(me)if[whether]Iwasill.他问我是否病了。“Doyouthinkadiarycanbecomeyourfriend?”thewritersays.作者问,“你们认为日记能成为你们的朋友吗?”5Thewriterasksusifwethinkadiarycanbecomeourfriend.作者问我们日记是否能成为我们的朋友。Hesaid,”AreyouinterestedinEnglish?”他问道:“你对英语感兴趣吗?”Heasked(me)ifIwasinterestedinEnglish.他问我是否对英语感兴趣。Shesaid,“Didyouseehimlastnight?”她问:“你昨天晚上看到他了吗?”Sheasked(me)if/whetherIhadseenhimthenightbefore.她问我前一天晚上是否看到他了。3.特殊疑问句直接引语如果是特殊疑问句,将直接引语变间接引语为仍用原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。Heasked,“Whendidsheleave?”他问:“她什么时候离开的?”→Heaskedwhenshehadleft.他问她什么时候离开的。“Whatdoyouwant?”heaskedme.“你想要什么?”他问我。HeaskedmewhatIwanted.他问我想要什么。“Whendidyougotobedlastnight?”FathersaidtoAnn.爸爸问安妮“你昨晚什么时候睡的觉?”FatheraskedAnnwhenshewenttobedthenightbefore.爸爸问安妮她头天晚上什么时候睡的觉。.【注意】(1)改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。(2)若直接引语引述动词为say/said,改成间接引语应将其改为ask/asked等。(3)没有间接宾语的,可以根据情况加上sb。Theteachersaid,”Tom,whatwillyoudonextWednesday?”老师说“汤姆,你下周三将要做什么”?TheteacheraskedTomwhathewoulddothenextWednesday.老师问汤姆他下一个星期三将要做什么。64.祈使句直接引语如果是祈使句,根据语义将其改为间接引语为ask/tell/ordersbtodosth这一结构,若祈使句为否定式,则用ask/tell/asksbnottodosth,其中ask,tell,order的选择视句子的语气而定:“Comeearlytomorrow,Jim.”hesaid.他说:“吉姆,明天早点来。”→HetoldJimtocomeearlythenextday.他叫吉姆第二天早点来。“Don’tbelateagain,Mary.”hesaid.他说:“玛丽,不要再迟到了。”→HetoldMarynottobelateagain.他叫玛丽不要再迟到了。Thegeneralsaidtothesoldiers,”Startoutatonce!”将军对士兵说“立即出发!”Thegeneralorderedthesoldierstostartoutatonce.将军命令士兵立即出发。补充材料:一.直接引语与间接