中国文化英语教程Unit-7

Unit7TheSilkRoadLead-inTextstudyExercisesContentLead-in永昌锦Yongchang(“everlastingprosperity”)brocadeoftheEasternHanDynasty,showingahighleveloftextiletechnologyLead-in浅褐色菱纹罗地信期绣Diamond-patternembroideryoftheWesternHanDynastyLead-in缂丝紫鸾鹊谱Bird-and-flowerembroideryoftheNorthernSongDynastyIntroductionZhangQian,TrailBlazerOpeningtothe“West”MuralsintheKucheGrottesTextstudyIntroduction•TheSilkRoadreferstoatransportrouteconnectingancientChinawithCentralAsia,WestAsia,Africa,andtheEuropeancontinent.•Itappearedasearlyasthesecondcentury.Introduction•Theterm“SilkRoad”wasfirstnoteddownbytheGermangeographerFerdinandvonRichthofenattheendofthe19thcentury.FerdinandvonRichthofen贾迪南德·冯·李希特霍芬(1833—1905)德国地理学家、地质学家，对地理学方法和地貌学研究有贡献，曾到中国和日本旅行，著有《中国：旅行成果和根据成果的研究》。NoteIntroductionRoute:TheSilkRoadbeganinChang’an(present-dayXi’an,capitalofShaanxiProvince),passingthroughGansuandXinjiangtoCentralAsia,WestAsia,andtolandsbytheMediterranean.IntroductionIntroductionWhatisthesignificanceoftheSilkRoad?1)TheSilkRoadfunctionednotonlyasatraderoute,butalsoasabridgethatlinkedtheancientcivilizationsofChina,India,theMesopotamianplains,Egypt,andGreece.NotetheMesopotamianplains:美索不达米亚平原（西南亚一地区）“两河流域”，即底格里斯和幼发拉底两河流域平原，在叙利亚东部和伊拉克境内。TobecontinuedIntroduction2)Italsohelpedtopromotetheexchangeofscienceandtechnologybetweeneastandwest.3)TheSilkRoadservedasthemainchannelforancientChinatoopenuptotheoutsideworld,aswellasforfreshimpulsesfromotherculturestoenterthecountry,whichcontributedasignificantsharetotheshapingofChineseculture.WhatisthesignificanceoftheSilkRoad?ZhangQian,TrailBlazer•ZhangQian(c.164—114BC)•ageneraloftheWesternHanDynastyNoteZhangQian:张骞西汉外交家，汉中成固（今陕西城固）人，对开辟从中国通往西域的丝绸之路有卓越贡献。ZhangQian,TrailBlazer•DuringthereignofEmperorWu,therewere36smallkingdomsintheWesternRegions.AllofthemwerelaterconqueredbytheHuns,whothenposedadirectthreattotheWesternHanandblockedthedynasty’spathwest.•EmperorWuappointedZhangQiantoleadateamofmorethan100envoys(使者)totheWesternRegions.ThemissionwastounitetheIndo-ScythicpeopleagainsttheHuns.WhatisthehistorybackgroundoftheSilkRoad?Whatarethepurposes?ZhangQian,TrailBlazer•ZhangQian’steamsetoutin138BC.•TheywerecapturedbytheHunsandheldunderhousearrestforovertenyears.ZhangQian,TrailBlazer•In119BC,theemperorsentZhangQianonasecondmissiontotheWesternRegions.•ThistimeZhangQianwentfurtherwest,whilehisdeputiesreachedmorethanadozencountriesinSouthandWestAsia,andtheMediterranean.•ZhangQianandonlyoneotherremainingenvoymanagedtoescapeandreturntoChang’anin126BC.ZhangQian,TrailBlazer•ThesignificanceofZhangQian’stwomissionstotheWesternRegions：1)ThroughtheSilkRoad,tradeflourishedbetweenChinaandCentral,SouthandWestAsiancountries,Africa,andEurope2)TheSilkRoadalsofacilitatedactivetradebetweenIndia,SoutheastAsia,WestAsia,Africa,andEurope.Theexchangeofnewgoodsandtechnologiesfromdifferentcontinentsgreatlyhelpedtopromotethedevelopmentofallthecivilizationsinvolved.Openingtothe“West”1)Chinesecultureandtechnology,suchaspapermakingandprinting,wereintroducedtocountriestothewest.•TheSilkRoadexertedaninestimableinfluenceonthelivesoftheChinesepeople.2)Chinaabsorbedmanyelementsfromthearts,philosophyandreligionsofmanyothercountries.Openingtothe“West”•Bythetenthcentury,Chineseexplorershadalreadyrealizedtherewererichcountries,attractivegoodsandartworks,anddifferentpeoplesbeyondtheWesternRegions.Thisarousedgreatinterestinthe“west”amongancientChinesepeople.Openingtothe“West”•Religion•CultureandartBuddhismNestorianism(景教)IslamMurals(壁画)Openingtothe“West”•BuddhismwasfirstintroducedtoKhotanKingdomintheWesternRegionsin87,andthengraduallyspreadtotheCentralPlainsalongboththesouthernandnorthernroutesoftheSilkRoad.Religion:NoteKhotanKingdom:于阗王国古代西域王国，中国唐代安西四镇之一，因位居丝绸之路贸易的重要据点而繁荣一时。Openingtothe“West”•NestorianismandIslamwerealsointroducedtoChinathroughtheSilkRoad.•BuddhismhassinceexertedahugeinfluencenotonlyonChinesebeliefsbutalsoonthedevelopmentofChinesethinking.Openingtothe“West”CultureandartDunhuanggrottoes:敦煌石窟闻名世界的石窟艺术中心，中国三大石窟艺术宝库之一，全国重点文物保护单位，包括敦煌千佛洞、西千佛洞和安西榆林窟。Note•CulturesandartsfromotherlandshaveleftvaluablelegaciesalongtheSilkRoad,suchasthemuralsintheGaochang,KucheandDunhuanggrottoes.•TheystandasevidenceofastunningblendofChineseandwesternartandculture.MuralsintheKucheGrottes•AsBuddhismspreadeastalongtheSilkRoad,manylargetemplesandgrottoeswerebuiltinoases(绿洲),housingexquisitestatuesandmurals.•Mostofthemhavebeendestroyedordamagedoverthecenturies,yetsomehavesurvived,especiallythemuralsingrottoes.•Ofthese,themuralsoftheQiuciKingdom,coveringtoday’sKucheareainXinjiang,aresomeofthemostremarkable.MuralsintheKucheGrottes•Parvatisportsearringsandbeautifuljewelryonherhead,armsandhands.Notes2.Parvati:帕尔瓦蒂。佛教名乌摩，是湿婆的神妃,喜马拉雅山的雪山女神。•Shiva,wearingacolorfulrobe,hasthreehumanheads,oneanimalhead,andthreehands.1.Shiva:湿婆。印度教主神之一，为毁灭之神。MuralsintheKucheGrottes新疆龟兹牛车洞壁画AmuralinNiucheCave,Kuche,XinjiangMuralsintheKucheGrottes新疆龟兹魔鬼洞壁画AmuralinMogui(“devil”)Cave,Kuche,XinjiangMuralsintheKucheGrottes上天神头像GodofHeaven,amuralinoneoftheKuchegrottoesMuralsintheKucheGrottes唱歌的天神Sing