中国文化教程Unit21

Unit21CustomsandcharmsofOldBeijingLead-inTextstudyExercisesContentLead-inLead-in•ThecityofBeijingissituatedatthenorthernapexoftheroughlytriangularNorthChinaPlain.ThelargermunicipalityisalmostcompletelysurroundedbyHebeiprovince,exceptfortwoshortstretchesborderingTianjinmunicipalitytothesoutheast.•TheYanMountainsliealongthemunicipality'snortheasternside,andtheJunduMountainsoccupyitsentirewesternregion;togethertheseformaconcavearcthatcirclestheBeijinglowlandfromthenortheasttothesouthwesttoformwhatisknowntogeologistsasthe“BayofBeijing.”Lead-in北京位于华北平原西北边缘。毗邻渤海湾，上靠辽东半岛，下临山东半岛。北京与天津相邻，并与天津一起被河北省环绕。西部是太行山山脉余脉的西山，北部是燕山山脉的军都山，两山在南口关沟相交，形成一个向东南展开的半圆形大山弯，人们称之为“北京弯”，它所围绕的小平原即为北京小平原。Lead-in•北京是中国“四大古都”之一，拥有6项世界遗产，是世界上拥有文化遗产项目数最多的城市，是一座有三千余年建城历史、八百六十余年建都史的历史文化名城，拥有众多历史名胜古迹和人文景观。注：“四大古都”即西安、南京、北京、洛阳。北京六项世界文化遗产包括长城、故宫、天坛、颐和园、明十三陵、周口店北京猿人遗址。IntroductionFoodinOldBeijingAlleyandHawker’sCriseBustlingTianqiaoTextstudyTempleFairsinOldBeijngLeisureLifeinOldBeijingIntroductionMentionOldBeijingandpeoplemayinstantlyenvisioncaravansofcamelsatthefootoftheFrontGate,thecrowdedandnoisyTianqiaoarea,alleysfilledwithhawkers’(沿街叫卖的小贩)cries,lifeinthecourtyards,anassortment(各种各样)ofsnackssuchasjelliedtofuandfermentedsoybeanmilk(豆汁儿),crosstalkcomedians,Beijingmusicalstorytellingaccompaniedbyasmalldrumorasingle-stringedinstrument-allimagespiecingtogetheranancientsongechoingfarintothemistsoftime.FoodinOldBeijingQuanjudeRoastDuckRestaurant•themostfamousrestaurantinBeijingandfundedbyYangQuanren(杨全仁)in1866.•Afull-duckbanquetconsistsofcoldandhotdishes,allpreparedwithduck.FoodinOldBeijingDonglaishunAmuslinrestaurantrenownedforitshotpotmutton.ItsfunderisDingDeshan(丁德山).Besideshotpotmutton,therestaurantalsoservespieswithminced(切碎的)mutton,riceporridgeanddumplings—allpopularwithcustomersfromallwalksoflife.FoodinOldBeijingShaguoju•Setupin1741.•Threespecialities:deep-drieddishesofpigliverordeertail,stewedpig’shead,andslicesofmeatpreparedsimplywithwater.砂锅三白Three-whitehotpotFoodinOldBeijing砂锅居砂锅居开业于清乾隆六年。砂锅居的“烧”、“燎”、“白煮肉”最有名。“烧”是指各种油炸的小碟，如炸肥肠、炸卷肝、炸鹿尾；“燎”是用木炭烧猪头、肘子外皮，燎成金黄色，然后再煮；“白煮肉”即白肉片，可以加酱油、麻油、蒜泥、辣椒油蘸着吃，也可以做成砂锅白肉。水晶肘子braisedporkknuckleshapedascrystal九转肥肠deep-firedpig'slargeintestinesFoodinOldBeijingBarbecueji(烤肉季)ItwasfoundedbyJiDecai(季德彩)in1848,severingbarbecuemutton,usingdate(海枣树),pineandcypress(柏树)woodasfuel.烤羊肉barbecuemuttonFoodinOldBeijingBarbecueWan（烤肉宛）北京人提到烤肉，必提及“南宛北季”。“南宛”即是烤肉宛。北京经营烤肉的餐馆数烤肉宛的字号最老，创建于清康熙二十五年（公元1686年），至今已有320多年历史。烤肉宛的烤牛肉，溢油，荡香，鲜嫩有“赛豆腐”的美称。烤牛肉barbecuevealFoodinOldBeijingFangshanRestaurant(仿膳饭庄)•OpenedbyZhaoRenzhai(赵任斋),aformerservantoftheQingcourt,andlocatedonthenorthernshoreofBeihai(北海北岸).ThedishesarepreparedaccordingtorecipesusedbytheQingcourt,withparticularattentionpaidtothecolor,aroma,taste,andform.FoodinOldBeijingTanFamilyCuisine(谭家菜)•An“officialcuisine”restaurantinBeijing.ItsfounderTanZongjun(谭宗浚)wasamemberoftheImperialAcademyoftheQingDynasty.ItfallsunderGuangdongcuisine,withseafoodsuchasabalone(鲍鱼)andseacucumber(海参)asthemainfeature.清汤燕窝bird’snestinclearwater扒鲍鱼stewedabaloneAlleyandHawker’sCrise•TheglamorofOldBeijingcomesnotonlyfromthemagnificentcitygatetowers,butalaofromthosenarrrowalleys,orhutong,astheyarecalledintheBeijingdialect.AlleyandHawker’sCriseScholarZhangBoilstheSea《张生煮海》•“…youcancomelookformeinZhuantarHutong…”•剧中写潮州儒生张羽寓居石佛寺，清夜抚琴，招来东海龙王三女琼莲，两人生爱慕之情，约定中秋之夜相会。至期，因龙王阻挠，琼莲无法赴约。张羽便用仙姑所赠宝物银锅煮海水，大海翻腾，龙王不得已将张羽召至龙宫，与琼莲婚配。作品反映了古代劳动人民征服大自然的幻想，表现了青年男女勇于反对封建势力、争取美满爱情的斗争精神。这一近似神话故事的剧作，为世代所传诵，改编成各种地方戏盛演不绝。清初，李渔又据以改编为传奇《蜃中楼》。《张生煮海》插画AlleyandHawker’sCriseAlleysorHutong•AlleysinOldBeijinghadtheirownspecialflavor,andtheirnamesalonewereperhapspoeticenoughtogiveflighttopeople'simagination,orpracticalenoughtoreflectthelifestyleofordinarypeople.北京居民的门墩Gatepier•tonamejustafew—ApricotFlowerDayAlley(杏花天胡同),FlowerTwigAlley(花枝胡同)andMoonlightAlley(月光胡同)；TeaLeafAlley(茶叶胡同),AlcoholAlley(烧酒胡同)andEggplantAlley(茄子胡同)AlleyandHawker’sCriseAlleysorHutong•Moreinterestingly,accordingtotherecollectionsofelders,differentalleyshaddifferentsmells.•Forexample,MoneyandGrainAlley(钱粮胡同)smelledofcabbage,HatAlley(帽儿胡同)ofsugar-coatedhawsonsticks(冰糖葫芦),andSedan-chairAlley(轿子胡同)offermentedsoymilk(豆汁).AlleyandHawker’sCriseAlleysinOldBeijingalsoechoedwiththecriesofvendorshawkingtheirwaresandthesoundsofparticularpercussioninstruments.metallicclicks(响铁),gongs(铜锣),woodenclappers(木头梆子),drum-shapedrattles(拨浪鼓)Hawker’sCries(货声)AlleyandHawker’sCriseHawker’sCries(货声)•Particularattentionwaspaidtothetonesandstylesofalleycriestoattractcustomers.•Thecrieshadtobevital,thevoicecrisp,thewordsclearlyarticulated,andthetonemelodiouswithfloralembellishment(修饰)andsmoothness,aswellasadraggingtune,especiallyonthelastword.ThecriesusingtheBeijingdialectwerehencerichwithalocalflavor.Besidesbeingmusical,thecriesofvendorspossessedliterarycharm,withrhymingandexaggeratedmodesemployedtoexpressjoyorhumor.AlleyandHawker’sCriseHawker’sCries（货声）Forexample,awatermelonvendorhawked:“Comehaveabite,ofthisice-cold,crispfruit,amoon-shapedslice,asbigasaboat,pulp(瓤)assweetasaMid-autumnmoon-cake,palmle