语言学基本概念大梳理2007年07月30日星期一下午02:56在国外学习语言学硕士已经跨过年头,回头看看,真是无聊的学科。再此和哥们分享一下。欢迎讨论I.Introduction1.WhatisLanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.WhatisLinguistics(语言学)Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.3.SomeBasicDistinctions(区分)inLinguistics3.1SpeechandWritingOnegeneralprinciple(原则)oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope(范畴)andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.3.2Descriptive(描述性)orPrescriptive(说明性)Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesforcorrectbehavior.3.3Synchronic(共时)andDiachronic(历时)StudiesThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.3.4Langue(语言)andParole(言语)ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure(索绪尔)earlylastcentury.languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized(实际的)language,orrealizationoflangue.3.5Competence(能力)andPerformance(行为)Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances(发声).4.TheScopeofLinguisticsGenerallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.Phonetics(语音学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Phonology(音韵学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.Morphology(词法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.Syntax(句法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.Semantics(语义学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.Appliedlinguistics(应用语言学)isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.HistoricalLinguistics(历史语言学)isthestudyoflanguagechanges.Anthropologicallinguistics(人文语言学)usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.Neurolinguistics(神经语言学)studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.Mathematicallinguistics(数学语言学)studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.Computationallinguistics(计算语言学)isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconcepts(概念)areapplied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.II.Phonetics(语音学)1.scopeofphoneticsSpeechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,thuswehaveatleastthreebranchesofphonetics:Articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学)wemayexaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinate(协调)intheprocess.Auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学)wemaylookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediated(调节)bytheear,theauditorynerve(神经)andthebrain.Acousticphonetics(声学语音学)westudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmitted(传送)betweenmouthandear.2.ThevocalorgansThevocalorgansmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatoroftheair-stream,(气流发生器官)theproducerofvoice(声音发生器官)andtheresonatingcavities.(声音共振器官)3.Consonants(辅音)Placesofarticulation(发音部位):bilabial,(双唇)Labiodentals,(唇齿)dental,(齿)alveolar,(齿龈)retroflex,(卷舌)palate-alveolar,(上齿龈)palatal,(上颚)velar,(软腭)uvular,(小舌)glottal(声门)Mannersofarticulation:plosive,(暴破)nasal,(鼻音)trill,(颤音)lateral,(边音)fricative,(摩擦)approximant,(近似音)affricate(破擦)4.Vowels(元音)Theclassificationofvowels:theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low),thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back),andthedegreeofliprounding(rounded,unrounded)III.Phonology(音韵学)1.phonemes(音素):adistinctive(有区别的)soundinalanguage.2.Allophones(音位变体):Thenondistinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.3.Minimalpairs(最小对立体):wordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.4.Freevariation(自由变异):Iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironment(环境),theydoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword.5.Complementarydistribution(补充分类):Notallthespeechsoundsoccurinthesameenvironment.Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment6.Suprasegmentalphonology(超音段音位):thestudyofphonologicalproperties(性质)ofunitslagerthanthesegment-phoneme.Theyaresyllable(音节),stress,(重音)wordstress,sentencestress.pitch(音调)andintonation(语调).IV.Morphology(词法)1.inflection(构形法):thegrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes.(屈折词缀)2.Word-formation(构词):theprocesses(过程)ofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships.(表明词法关系)Theyarecompound(合成)andderivation(派生).3.Morpheme(词素):thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.4.Allomorph(同质异象变体):somemorphemeshaveconsiderablevariation,forinstance,alternateshapesorphoneticforms.5.Typesofmorphemes:Theyareroots,(词根)affix(词缀)andstem(词干).6.Lexicon(语言词汇):initsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary.7.Closed-classwords(封闭性)andopen-classwords(开放性):theformerwhosemembershipisfixedorlimitedandthelatterwhosemembershipisinprinciple(实际上)indefiniteorunlimited.8.Wordclass(词性):Itdisplay