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一、文学术语*41.Epic叙事诗，史诗Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.TwoofthemostfamousepicsofWesterncivilizationareHomer'sIliadandOdyssey.ThegreatepicoftheMiddleAgesisTheDivineComedy（神曲）bytheItalianpoetDante.ThetwomostfamousEnglishepicsaretheAnglo-SaxonBeowulfandJohnMilton'sParadiseLost,whichemploysomeoftheconventionsoftheclassicalepic.2.Naturalism自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨）Naturalismisatermofliteraryhistory,primarilyaFrenchmovementinprosefictionandthedramaduringthefinalthirdofthe19thcentury,althoughitisalsoappliedtosimilarmovementsorgroupsofwritersinothercountriesinthelaterdecadesofthe19thandearlyyearsofthe20thcents.InFranceEmileZola(1840-1902)wasthedominantpractitioner(习艺者，专业人员)ofNaturalisminprosefictionandthechiefexponent（鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者；能手，大师）ofitsdoctrines.TheemergenceofNaturalismdoesnotmarkaradical（彻底的）breakwithRealism,ratherthenewstyleisalogicalextensionofit.Broadlyspeaking,Naturalismischaracterizedbyarefusaltoidealizeexperienceandbythepersuasionthathumanlifeisstrictlysubjectedtonaturallaws.TheNaturalistssharedwiththeearlierRealiststheconvictionthattheeverydaylifeofthemiddleandlowerclassesoftheirowndayprovidedsubjectsworthyofseriousliterarytreatment.Emphasiswaslaidontheinfluenceofthematerialandeconomicenvironmentonbehavior,andonthedeterminingeffectsofphysicalandhereditaryfactorsinformingtheindividualtemperament.FamousAmericanNaturalisticwriterswouldincludeJackLondon,StephenCraneandFrankNorris,whoweredeeplyinfluencedbyCharlesDarwin'sevolutiontheorywhichbelievethatone'sheredityandsocialsituationlimitone'scharacter.3.Modernism现代派（盛行于20世纪的文学风格）Modernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallthecreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcenturyandprosperityinthe20thcentury.Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted,alienatedandillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.Themodernistwritersconcentratemoreontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective.Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual.Intheirwritings,thepast,thepresentandthefuturearemingled（混合）togetherandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofanindividual.4.Transcendentalism超验主义Itwasareactiontothe18thcenturyNewtonianconceptoftheuniverse.ThemajorfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalismcanbesummarizedasfollows:1.TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.2.TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothemtheindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.3.TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,notpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod'soverwhelmingpresence.I.MajorLiteraryTermsinTheAnglo-NormanPeriod1.Romance:Anyimaginativeliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandthatdealswithheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters.Originally,thetermreferredtoamedievaltaledealingwiththelovesandadventuresofkingsandqueens,knightsandladies,andincludingunlikelyorsupernaturalhappenings.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightisthebestofthemedievalromances.JohnKeats'sTheEveofSt.Agnesisoneofthegreatestmetrical（格律）romanceseverwritten.2.Ballad（民谣，叙事歌谣）:Astorytoldinverseandusuallymeanttobesung.Inmanycenturies,thefolkballadwasoneoftheearliestformsofliterature.Folkballadshavenoknownauthors.Theyweretransmittedorallyfromgenerationtogenerationandwerenotsetdowninwritinguntilcenturiesaftertheywerefirstsung.Thesubjectmatteroffolkballadsstemsfromtheeverydaylifeofthecommonpeople.Themostpopularsubjects,oftentragic,aredisappointedlove,jealousy,revenge,suddendisasteranddeedsofadventureanddaring.Devicescommonlyusedinballadsarethetherefrain（叠词）,incrementalrepetition（叠句）andcodelanguage（特定语言）.Alaterformofballadistheliteraryballadwhichimitatesthestyleofthefolkballad.ThemostfamousEnglishliteraryballadisSamuelTaylorColeridge'sTheRimeoftheAncientMariner（老水手之歌）.二、选择&填空TheAnglo-NormanPeriodTheliteraturewhichNormansbroughttoEnglandisremarkableforits____talesof___and___,inmarkedcontrastof____and____ofAnglo-Saxonpoetry.romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness（昏暗；冷静）GeoffreyChaucer1.TheCanterburyTalescontainsinfactaGeneralPrologueandonly_____tales,ofwhichtwoareleftunfinished.242.The____providesaframeworkforthetalesinTheCanterburyTalesanditcomprisesagroupofvividpicturesofvariousmedievalfigures.Prologue序言3.TheCanterburyTalesisChaucer'sgreatestworkandthegreaterpartofitwaswrittenin____Couplets.Heroic（英雄双韵体）4.ThepilgrimsinTheCanterburyTalesareontheirwaytotheshrineofSt.ThomasaBecketattheplacenamed____.Canterbury5.InTheCanterburyTales,fromthecharacterof_____,wemayseeaveryvividsketchofawomanofthemiddleclass,andacolorfulpictureofthedomesticlifeofthatclassinChaucer'sownday.theWifeofBath（巴斯夫人：齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人）Renaissance1.Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,and____aregenerallyregardedasShakespeare'sfourgreattragedies.Macbeth2.AbsolutemonarchyinEnglandreached