综英-Unit-12-The-New-Immorality

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Unit12TheNewImmoralityTheprovostofoneofourlargestandhonoredinstitutionstoldmenotlongagothataquestionnairewasdistributedtohisundergraduatesand40percentrefusedtoacknowledgethattheybelievedcheatingonexaminationstobereprehensible.不久前,美国一所规模宏大、声名显赫的大学的教务长告诉我说,他们学校对本科生作了一次问卷调查,结果百分之四十的人并不认为考试作弊有什么可非议的。RecentlyareporterforaNewYorknewspaperstopped6peopleonthestreetandaskedthemiftheywouldconsenttotakepartinariggedtelevisionquizformoney.Hereportedthat5ofthe6saidyes.Yetmostofthese5,likemostofthecollegecheaters,wouldprobablyprofessastrongsocialconsciousness.Theymaycheat,buttheyvoteforforeignaidandforenlightenedsocialmeasures.最近,纽约一家报纸的记者在大街上采访了六个人,问他们如果给予报酬,愿不愿意参加弄虚作假的电视知识竞赛。这位记者报道说,六个人中有五个人回答说愿意。然而,这五人中的大多数,就像大多数考试作弊的大学生一样,很可能会声称自己有着强烈的社会意识。他们尽管会作弊,但是又会支持对外援助,支持开明的社会举措。Thesetwoexamplesexhibitaparadoxofourage.Itisoftensaid,andmyobservationleadsmetobelieveitistrue,thatourseeminglygreatgrowthinsocialmoralityhasoddlyenoughtakenplaceinaworldwhereprivatemorality----asenseofthesupremeimportanceofpurelypersonalhonor,honesty,andintegrity---seemstobedeclining.Beneficentandbenevolentsocialinstitutionsareadministeredbymenwhoalltoofrequentlyturnouttobeaccepting“gifts”.Theworldofpopularentertainmentisrockedbyscandal.Collegestudents,putontheirhonor,cheatonexamination.CandidatesforthePh.D.hireghostwriterstopreparetheirtheses.这两个事例揭示了我们时代的一个怪诞现象。人们常说,而我的所见所闻使我也对此深信不疑:我们的社会道德似乎有了长足的进步,而令人奇怪的是,就在我们这个社会里,个人道德观念----即把个人荣誉、正直和诚实视为至高无上的观念---却似乎正在沉沦。慈善机构的管理者往往是些收受“礼物”的人。大众娱乐界经常被丑闻搅得惊魂不定。大学生表面上很体面,考试却要作弊。博士生雇人代写论文。But,onemayobject,haven’tallthesethingsalwaysbeentrue?Istherereallyanyevidencethatpersonaldishonestyismoreprevalentthanitalwayswas?然而,有人会提出异议:这些现象难道不是由来已久吗?难道真有什么证据,证明个人的舞弊行为比以往更加盛行吗?Ihavenowayofmakingahistoricalmeasurement.Perhapsthesethingsarenotactuallymoreprevalent.WhatIdoknowisthatthereisaninterestingtendencytoacceptandtakeforgrantedsuchpersonaldishonesty.Thebureaucratanddiskjockeysay,“Well,yes,Itookpresents,butIassureyouthatImadejustdecisionanyway.”Thecollegestudentcaughtcheatingdoesnotevenblush.Heshrugshisshouldersandcomments:”Everybodydoesit,andbesides,Ican’tseethatitreallyhurtsanybody.”我无法作出今昔对比。也许,这些现象目前其实并非更加普遍。可我确实知道,如今人们越来越趋向于接受这种个人舞弊行为,甚至认为是理所当然的事。官员和节目主持人会说:“不错,我是接受礼物了,不过我可以向你们担保,我所做的决定怎么说也是公正的。”大学生考试作弊被发现,连脸都不红,而只是耸耸肩,振振有词地说:“大家都是这么干的。再说,我看这实在不会损害任何人。”JonathanSwiftoncesaid:“Ihaveneverbeensurprisedtofindmenwicked,butIhaveoftenbeensurprisedtofindthemnotashamed.”Itismyconvictionthatthoughmenmaybenomorewickedthantheyalwayshavebeen,theyseemlesslikelytobeashamed.ifeverybodydoesit,itmustberight.Honest,moral,decentmeanonlywhatisusual.Thisisnotreallyawickedworld,becausemoralitymeansmoresormannersandusualconductistheonlystandard.JonathanSwift曾说过:“我从未因为发现人们不讲道德而感到惊讶,但我常常因为发现人们不知羞耻而感到惊愕。”我相信,人们虽然未必比以前还要不讲道德,但似乎要比以前更加不知羞耻。只要人人这么做,这事就一定是正当的。所谓的诚实、道德、体面,只要随波逐流就行。其实,这还算不上是一个道德沦丧的世界,因为道德就意味着习俗和常规,行为是否合乎常规,这是惟一的标准。Thesecondpartofthedefense,“itreallydoesn’thurtanybody,”isequallyrevealing.“Itdoesn’thurtanybody”meansitdoesn’tdothatabstractioncalledsocietyanyharm.Theharmitdidtothebribe-takerandthecheaterisn’timportant;itispurelypersonal,Andpersona,asopposedtosocialdecency,doesn’tcountformuch.SometimesIaminclinedtoblamesociologyforpartofthisparadox.Sociologyhastendedtolayexclusivestressuponsocialmorality,andtendedtoooftentodefinegoodandevilasmerelythe“sociallyusefuloritsreverse.那个辩解的后半部分所说的“实在不会损害任何人”,同样发人深思。“不会损害任何人”,意思是说不会对社会这个抽象概念带来损害。对受贿者和舞弊者的危害是无关紧要的,那纯属个人的事。与社会文明相比,个人的德行是无足轻重的。有时候,我觉得社会学应对这一怪诞现象承担部分责任。社会学往往只注重社会道德,并往往只根据是否“对社会有益”,来界定善与恶。Whatsocialmoralityandsocialconscienceleaveoutisthenarrowerbutverysignificantconceptofhonor---asopposedtowhatissometimescalledmerely“sociallydesirableconduct”.Themanofhonorisnotcontenttoaskmerelywhetherthisorthatwillhurtsociety,orwhetheritiswhatmostpeoplewouldpermitthemselvestodo.Heasks,andheasksfirstofall,wouldithurthimandhisself-respect?Woulditdishonorhimpersonally?社会道德和社会良知忽略了那个比较狭隘而又十分重要的荣誉观念---这是与有时被简单称作“为社会所认同的行为”相对而言的。讲究体面的人不会只扪心自问如此这般是否危害社会,或者大多数人是否肯这样做。他会问,而且首先会问:这样做是否会损害他自己,损害他的自尊?这样做是否会使他个人为之丢脸?Itwasafavoriteandnodoubtsoundargumentamongearlytwentieth-centuryreformersthat“playingthegame”asthegentlemanwassupposedtoplayitwasnotenoughtomakeadecentsociety.Theywereright,itisnotenough.Butthetimehascometoaddthatitisindeedinevitablethattheso-calledsocialconscienceunsupportedbytheconceptofpersonalhonorwillcreateacorruptsociety.Butsupposethatitdoesn’t?Supposethatnooneexcepttheindividualsuffersfromthefactthatheseesnothingwrongindoingwhateverybodyelsedoes?Evenso,Istillinsistthatfortheindividualhimselfnothingismoreimportantthanthispersonal,interiorsenseofrightandwrongandhisdeterminationtofollowthatratherthantobeguidedbywhateverybodydoesormerelythecriterionof“socialusefulness”.Itisimpossibleformetoimagineagoodsocietycomposedofmenwithouthonor.20世纪初的改革家们特别喜欢一个无疑很有力的论点:像绅士那样“规规矩矩地做人”,还不足以造就一个文明的社会。他们说得对:那的确还不够。不过,现在还应该补充一句:所谓的社会良知,如果没有个人的荣誉感作支撑,势必会引起社会的堕落。但是,假如没有造成这种局面呢?假如有人认为随波逐流没有什么不妥,结果受损害的只是他本人而不是别人呢?即便如此,我仍然坚持认为,对个人而言,最重要的莫过于这种植根于个人心灵深处的是非感,以及坚决按这种是非感行事的决心,而不是随波逐流,或仅仅以是否“对社会有益”为准则。我无法想象,丧失体面的人怎么能组成一个文明的社会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