1/53WHO数据完整性指南:良好的数据和记录规范1.Introduction介绍1.1.Medicinesregulatorysystemsworldwidehavealwaysdependedupontheknowledgeoforganizationsthatdevelop,manufactureandpackage,test,distributeandmonitorpharmaceuticalproducts.Implicitintheassessmentandreviewprocessistrustbetweentheregulatorandtheregulatedthattheinformationsubmittedindossiersandusedinday-to-daydecision-makingiscomprehensive,completeandreliable.Thedataonwhichthesedecisionsarebasedshouldthereforebecompleteaswellasbeingattributable,legible,contemporaneous,originalandaccurate,commonlyreferredtoas“ALCOA”.世界范围的药品监管系统常常依赖于企业在开发、生产和包装、检测、销售和监控药品方面的知识。在评估和审核过程中隐含的是监管者和被监管者之间相信注册文件中提交的和用于日常决策的信息是全面、完整和可信的。因此基于此做出决策的数据应该在完整的同时也要是可追溯至产生数据的人的、清晰易读的、同步产生的、原始的和准确的。通常这个被称作“ALCOA”。1.2.ThesebasicALCOAprinciplesandtherelatedgoodpracticeexpectationsthatassuredatareliabilityarenotnewandmuchhigh-andmid-levelnormativeguidancealreadyexists.However,inrecentyears,thenumberofobservationsmaderegardinggooddataandrecordmanagementpractices(GDRP)duringinspectionsofgoodmanufacturingpractice(GMP)(1),goodclinicalpractice(GCP)andgoodlaboratorypractice(GLP)hasbeenincreasing.Thereasonsfortheincreasingconcernofhealthauthoritiesregardingdatareliabilityareundoubtedlymultifactorialandincludeincreasedregulatoryawarenessandconcernregardinggapsbetweenindustrychoicesandappropriateandmoderncontrolstrategies.这些基础的ALCOA原则和保证数据可靠性的相关良好的规范的期望都不是新的,许多高和中水平的规范性的指南已经存在了。尽管如此,近几年,在GMP、GCP和GLP检查中出现与良好数据和记录管理规范相关的缺陷项的数量还在增加。卫生监管机构对数据可靠性的越来越多的关注的原因毋庸置疑是多方面的并包括增加的关于行业选择和适当的现代的控制策略之间的差距的法规意识和关注。1.3.Contributingfactorsincludefailuresbyorganizationstoapplyrobustsystemsthatinhibitdatarisks,toimprovethedetectionofsituationswheredatareliabilitymaybecompromised,and/ortoinvestigateandaddressrootcauseswhenfailuresdoarise.Forexample,organizationssubjecttomedicalproductgoodpracticerequirementshavebeenusingvalidatedcomputerizedsystemsformanydecadesbutmanyfailtoadequatelyreviewandmanageoriginalelectronicrecordsandinsteadoftenonlyreviewandmanageincompleteand/orinappropriateprintouts.Theseobservationshighlighttheneedforindustrytomodernizecontrolstrategiesandapplymodernqualityriskmanagement(QRM)andsoundscientificprinciplestocurrentbusinessmodels(suchasoutsourcingandglobalization)aswellastechnologiescurrentlyinuse(suchascomputerizedsystems).影响因素包括企业没有实施耐用的系统来约束数据风险、没有改进对数据可靠性的丧失的状况的可检测性、和/或当失效出现时没有调查和找到根本原因。例如,遵从药品良好规范的企业已经使用计算机化系统几十年但很多没有充分地回顾和管理原始电子记录仅仅是常常回顾和管理不完整和/或不充分的打印出来的资料。这些缺陷强调了制2/53药行业使历史的控制策略现代化和对当前的经验模式(比如外包和全球化)也对当前使用的技术(比如计算机化系统)应用时髦的质量风险管理和合理的科学原则的需要。1.4.Examplesofcontrolsthatmayrequiredevelopmentandstrengtheningtoensuregooddatamanagementstrategiesinclude,butarenotlimitedto:可能需要开发和强化以确保良好数据管理策略的控制的例子包括但不限于以下方面:1)aQRMapproachthateffectivelyassurespatientsafetyandproductqualityandvalidityofdatabyensuringthatmanagementalignsexpectationswithactualprocesscapabilities.Managementshouldtakeresponsibilityforgooddatamanagementbyfirstsettingrealisticandachievableexpectationsforthetrueandcurrentcapabilitiesofaprocess,amethod,anenvironment,personnel,ortechnologies,amongothers;质量风险管理的方法通过确保管理层的期望和实际过程能力相一致来有效保证患者安全和产品质量及数据有效性。管理层应该对通过一开始就根据工艺、方法、环境、人员、技术和其他的当前实际的能力设定事实求是的并可实现的期望的方式来实现良好的数据管理负责。2)monitoringofprocessesandallocationofthenecessaryresourcesbymanagementtoensureandenhanceinfrastructure,asrequired(forexample,tocontinuouslyimproveprocessesandmethods,toensureadequatedesignandmaintenanceofbuildings,facilities,equipmentandsystems;toensureadequatereliablepowerandwatersupplies;toprovidenecessarytrainingforpersonnel;andtoallocatethenecessaryresourcestotheoversightofcontractsitesandsupplierstoensureadequatequalitystandardsaremet).Activeengagementofmanagementinthismannerremediatesandreducespressuresandpossiblesourcesoferrorthatmayincreasedataintegrityrisks;工艺的持续监控和由管理层分配必要的资源来确保和根据需要加强基础设施(例如,持续改进工艺和方法;确保建筑、设施、设备和系统的充分设计和维护;确保充足可靠的电和水的供应;提供对人员必要的培训;为确保外包商和供应商充分满足质量标准分配必需资源去监管等)。以管理层积极参与的方式来修复和降低可能增加数据完整性风险的错误的压力和潜在来源;3)adoptionofaqualityculturewithinthecompanythatencouragespersonneltobetransparentaboutfailuressothatmanagementhasanaccurateunderstandingofrisksandcanthenprovidethenecessaryresourcestoachieveexpectationsandmeetdataqualitystandards:areportingmechanismindependentofmanagementhierarchyshouldbeprovidedfor;采用在公司内部鼓励人员在失败面前坦率光明正大的质量文化,以便管理层对于风险有准确的了解然后可以提供必要的资源去实现期望值和满足数据质量标准;应为此提供一个独立于管理层级的报告机制。4)mappingofdataprocessesandapplicationofmodernQRMandsoundscientificprinciplesthroughoutthedatalifecycle;)在数据生命周期中绘制数据流程图并实施时髦的质量风险管理和合理的科学原则;5)ensuringthatallsitepersonnelarekeptuptodateabouttheapplicationofgooddocumentationpractices(GDocP)toensurethattheGXPprinciplesofALCOAareunderstoodandappliedtoelectronicdatainthesamemannerthathashistoricallybeenappliedtopaperrecords;3/53确保所有现场人员在良好文件规范(GDocP)方面都能赶上时代潮流以确保ALCOA的GXP原则被理解并采用过去已经应用于纸质记录相同的方式应用于电子数据;6)implementationandconfirmationduringvalidationofcomputerizedsystemsandsubsequentchangecontrol,thatallnecessarycontrolsforGDocPforelectronicdataareinplaceandthattheprobabilityoftheoccurrenceoferrorsinthedataisminimized;在计算机化系统的验证期间实施并确认所有电子数据的良好文件规范的必要控制已到位并能使发生数据错误的可能性最小化。7)trainingofper