机械工程英语Unit-1-Advanced-Engineering-Materials

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Unit1AdvancedEngineeringMaterial先进的工程材料Typeofmaterials材料的分类Materialsmaybegroupedseveralways.Scientistsoftenclassifymaterialsbytheirstate:solid,liquid,orgas.Theyalsoseparatethemintoorganic(onceliving)andinorganic(neverliving)materials.材料的分类方式有好几种。科学家们通常是根据固体,液体,或者气体来区分的,他们有时候也是将材料分为有机物(可再生的)和无机物(不可再生的)。Forindustrialpurpose,materialsaredividedintoengineeringmaterialsornonengineeringmaterials.Engineeringmaterialsarethoseusedinmanufactureandbecomepartsofproducts.Nonengineeringmaterialsarethechemicals,fuels,lubricants(润滑剂),andothermaterialsusedinthemanufacturingprocess,whichdonotbecomepartoftheproduct.从工业的角度来看,材料可以分为工程材料和非工程材料,工程材料是用于生产组成,它是零件的一部分。非工程材料是化工,燃料,润滑剂和其他用于生产的材料,它们不是零件的组成部分。Engineeringmaterialsmaybefurthersubdividedinto:①Metals②Ceramics(陶瓷)③Composite④Polymers(高分子材料),etc.工程材料可进一步细化为1、金属。2、陶瓷。3、复合材料。4、高分子材料等。⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩MetalsandMetalAlloys金属和金属合金Metalsareelementsthatgenerallyhavegoodelectricalandthermal(热量的)conductivity.Manymetalshavehighstrength,highstiffness,andhavegoodductility(延展性).Somemetals,suchasiron,cobaltandnickel,aremagnetic.Atextremelylowtemperatures,somemetalsandintermetalliccompoundsbecomesuperconductors.金属一般有高的导电能力和热导率,许多金属有很好的强度,高的硬度和好的延展性。铁钴镍这些金属是有磁性的。在极低的温度下,有些金属和金属化合物变得超导。Whatisthedifferencebetweenanalloyandapuremetal?合金和纯金属间的区别是什么呢?Puremetalsareelementswhichcomefromaparticularareaoftheperiodictable.纯金属在化学周期表的特别区域。Exampleofpuremetalsincludecopper(铜)inelectricalwiresandaluminumincookingfoilandbeverage(饮料)cans.例如,纯金属包括铜电线和铝制的饮箔和饮料罐头盒。Alloyscontainmorethanonemetallicelement.合金不止含有一种金属元素。Theirpropertiescanbechangedbychangingtheelementspresentinthealloy.目前,可以通过改变合金的组成元素而改变它的一些特性。Exampleofmetalalloysincludestainlesssteel(不锈钢)whichisanalloyofiron,nickel,andchromium(铬);andgoldjewelrywhichusuallycontainsanalloyofgoldandnickel.例如,不锈钢是一种铁合金,它是铁,镍,和铬;还有金项链包括金元素和镍元素。Whyaremetalsandalloysused?Manymetalsandalloyshavehighdensities(密度)andareusedinapplicationswhichrequireahighmass-to-volumeratio.为什么金属和合金被使用呢,因为许多金属和合金有高的密度,他们用于有高的质量体积比的地方。Somemetalsalloys,suchasthosebasedonaluminum,havelowdensitiesandareusedinaerospaceapplicationsforfueleconomy.Manyalloysalsohavehighfracturetoughness(断裂韧性),whichmeanstheycanwithstand(抵挡)impactandaredurable(持久的).有些金属合金,像铝基合金有低的密度被用于航空航天飞机,可节约燃料。许多合金有高的断裂韧性,他们可以长久的抵抗冲击。Whataresomeimportantpropertiesofmetals?金属的重要特点是什么呢?Density(密度)isdefinedasamaterial’smassdividedbyitsvolume.Mostmetalshaverelativelyhighdensities,especiallycomparedtopolymers(高分子).Materialswithhighdensitiesoftencontainatomswithhighatomicnumbers,suchasgoldorlead(铅).However,somemetalssuchasaluminumormagnesium(镁)havelowdensities,andareusedinapplicationsthatrequireothermetallic(金属的),propertiesbutalsorequirelowweight.密度是金属的质量除以它的体积得来的。许多金属有相当高的密度,特别是高分子聚合物,高密度的材料包含高原子量的原子。例如金或者铅。铝和镁的合金就具有低的密度,它们用于要求有金属特性,但是重量需要轻的地方。Fracturetoughness(断裂韧性)canbedescribedasmaterial’sabilitytoavoidfracture,especiallywhenaflaw(瑕疵,缺点)isintroduced.断裂韧性是描述金属避免断裂的能力,特别是有缺陷产生时。Metalscangenerallycontainnicks(裂纹)anddents(凹陷)withoutweakeningverymuch,andareimpactresistant.金属即使有划痕和凹陷也比非常的易裂,还是能抵抗冲击。Afootballplayercounts(依赖)thiswhenhetruststhatfacemaskwon’tshatter(打碎).足球运动员就依赖此,他们相信面罩不会轻易的被打碎。Plasticdeformationistheabilityofamaterialtobendordeform变形beforebreaking.Asengineers,weusuallydesignmaterialssothattheydon’tdeformundernormalconditions.Youdon’twantyourcartolean倾向totheeastafterastrongwestwind.Howeversometimeswecantakeadvantageofplasticdeformation.Thecrumple褶皱zonesinacarabsorbenergybyundergoing承受plasticdeformationbeforetheybreak.塑性变形是材料在断裂之前弯曲和变形的能力。作为工程师,设计时通常要使材料在正常条件下不变形。你不想你的车在一阵西风挂过的时候向东边倾斜。然而,有时我们也能利用塑性变形。汽车上压皱的区域在它们断裂前通过经历塑性变形来吸收能量。Theatomic原子的bonding结合ofmetalsalsoaffectstheirproperties.材料原子的结合方式同样影响其特性。Inmetals,theoutervalence化合价electrons电子(electron的复数)aresharedamongallatoms原子,andarefreetotraveleverywhere.在金属内部,原子的外层阶电子由所有原子共享并能到处自由移动。Sinceelectronsconductheatandelectricity,metalsmakegoodcookingpansandelectricalwires.由于电子导热导电,金属可以做出好的炊具和电线。Itisimpossibletoseethroughmetals,sincethesevalenceelectrons价电子absorbanyphotonsoflightwhichreachthemetal.Nophotons光子passthrough.不可能在金属里面看到导热和导电,因为这些价电子吸收了任何到达金属的光子,没有光子穿透。photons光子atoms原子electrons电子Alloysarecompounds混合物consistingof包含……morethanonemetal.合金是多种金属的混合物。Addingothermetalscanaffectthedensity,strength,fracturetoughness,plasticdeformation,electricalconductivityandenvironmentaldegradation.添加其他金属会影响密度,强度,断裂韧性,塑性变形,导电性和环境退化。Forexample,addingsomechromiumtosteelwillslowtherustingprocess,butwillmakeitmorebrittle易脆的.在钢材里面添加铬可以减缓生锈,但会更脆。Ceramicsandglasses陶瓷和玻璃Aceramicisoftenbroadly广泛的definedasanyinorganicnonmetallicmaterial.陶瓷跟其他的无机非金属一样定义比较广泛。Bythisdefinition,ceramicmaterialswouldalsoincludeglasses;根据这种定义,陶瓷也包括玻璃。However,manymaterialsscientistsaddthestipulation规定that“ceramics”mustalsobecrystalline透明的.但是许多材料科学家认为陶瓷也必须是透明的。Aglassisaninorganicnonmetallicmaterialthatdoesnothaveacrystalline透明的structure.Surematerialsaresaidtobeamorphous非结晶的.玻璃是一种没有透明结构的无机非金属材料。有些材料是非结晶的。PropertiesofceramicsandglassesSomeoftheusefulpropertiesofceramicsandglassesincludehighmetingtemperature,lowdensity,highstrength,stiffness,hardness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