简明鱼菜共生手册

1SimplifiedAquaponicsManualText&PhotosByDrs.Paul&BonnieRangeUnlessotherwisenotedWithresearch,help&advicefrom:TravisHugheyandEd&GloriaHaswellPaul&Bonnie:2449FM3509Burnet,Texas78611512/[e-mail]2SimplifiedAquaponicsManualWaterisbecomingacommoditythatwillbeworthmorethanoil.Thereisafiniteamountoffreshwateravailableanditseemsthattheworldpopulationisdou-blingeveryfewyears.Already,areasintheUnitedStateshavesurpassedtheirabilitytohydratethepresentpopula-tion.Farmingaccountsfor75-80%offreshwaterusageintheworld.Currentirrigationtechniqueswastepreciouswaterandtherunoffpollutesstreamsandriverswithleachedsoilandfertilizers.AquaponicsisthegentleblendingofAquaculture,fishfarming,withHydroponics,soil-lessproductionofplants.Aquaculture,asyouknow,hasvariousproblemsinherenttoitsnature,firstittakesupagreatdealoflandandworse,theeffluentistoxicdownstreamtothepointofkillingotherfishandcausingmassivealgaebloomsduetothehighnitrogencontent.Hydroponics,ontheotherhand,isevenworseinthatthenutrientsorchemicalsaredifficulttodisposeofduetohighchemicalsalts.Aquaponicssolvesallofthoseproblemsandtherearenochemicalsorrunofftocontendwith.Wastedoesnotexistinanaquaponicssystemasoneportionutilizesthewastefromanother.Goodfarmershavealwaysusedmanuretofertilizecrops;aquaponicsdoesitwithfisheffluent.Waterusageiscut80%asitisrecycledendlesslyandlossesareduetoevaporationandremovingportionsofplantsforconsumption.Fishandplantsalikequalifyundercurrentguidelinesfor“Organic”andthusfetchahigherpriceatmarket.Afamilyoffourcoulddothesametypeofsys-temwithinthesamespacerequiredtoparkacompactcarandmeetalltheirnutritionalrequirements.Withtwicethatspacethesamefamilywouldbeabletoselltheirsurplusandpossiblyremovetheneedofoneadulttoworkoutsidethehome.Generallyspeaking,onetonoffishwastewillproduceseventonsofedibleproduce.Payingcarefulattentiontogrowingplantsinsuccessionwillresultinproductionupto10timesthatofasquarefootofgardenspace.Picturedtotheleft,Figure1isonetypeofsys-temwhichwilljustaboutproduceenoughforoneadult(consideringminimumnutrition)andis1/4thesizeofacompactcarandwillfitinmostkitchensanduses55gallonbarrelswhichareavailablealmostanywhere.Aquaponicsetupslikethesecanbeconfiguredinanynumberofwaysandnotlimitedtothosedepictedinthepicturesshowninthismanual.ThesysteminFigure1wasdeveloped&photographedbyTravisHugheyofS.Carolina.Figure1FoxSpring3HowitworksFishwasteismostlyammoniaandwhenitbuildsupthefishdie.Plantsrequirewater,light,co2andabunchoftraceelementsandifanyaremissingorlackingtheyeitherwitherordie.Bacte-ria,likeNitrosamines,eatammoniaandgiveoffnitrites,whichNitrobacteriumeatandexcreteni-trates.Thisprocessconsumesoxygen,carbon,inorganicnutrientsandgeneratesnitrate.ThepHlowersasthenitrifyingbacteriamultiply.Ourwaterrunsclearenoughtoreadtheletteringonthepumpinthebottomofthefishtank.Ifthewaterturnscloudyorgreenthenquitfeedingforacoupleofdaysanditwillclearup.Fishcanhandle10-100timesasmuchnitrateasammoniaandnitratesaretheformofnitrogenthatplantslovetoeat.So,simplyput,fishproducetheammonia;bacteriainthegrowbedsbreaktheammoniadowntonitrateswhichplantsfeedontoproducefood,thewatercirculates,nowcleanerandoxygenatedandthecycleneverends.Plantscanbeeatenbybothhumansandfish,leftoverplantpartscanfeedearth-wormswhichinturncanfeedthefish.Watercirculationsolvesseveralproblems.Stratificationtendstooccurwhenwaterstandsstillandnitratessettletothebottomasdoesthewaterwiththeleastamountofdissolvedoxygen,importanttofishsurvival.Recirculationandthesubsequentoxygenationofthewaterconservelocalreservesandhelpdecreasedemandonaquifers.Figure2.Totalwaterusageinthesystemdependsonseveralfactors.First,highertempera-turestendtoaffecttheamountofevaporationandsecond,theamountofvegetationandvegetablesbeingconsumedwillremovewaterfromthesystem.Generally,waterlossesof10-20%canbeex-pectedpermonth.Thisisconsideredminimalcomparedtoconventionalfarmingandgardeningwherelossesof85-95%arecommon.Wateraddedtothesystemshouldnotbefromcitywatersourcesthatarechlorinatedasthiscanadverselyaffectbothfishandplants.Citywatershouldbeallowedtositinanopencontainerfor24hourspriortoadding.Mostwellwaterisacceptableandwehavefoundthatrainwaterworksgreatunlessyouliveunderthesmokestacksofthelocalcoalfiredelectriccompanyorfactory.SimplifiedSystemHerearethebasics.Thesimplifiedsystemhasfivecomponents,1.Fishtank,2.Dumptank,3.Growbeds,4.Drainline,5.Bilgepump.Inmostsystemsyouhadtohaveafishtank,twopumps,growbeds,drainlinesforeachbedandasumptank.Oursissimplerasyouwillsee.FishTankOneofthemoreimportantcomponentsofanyaquaponicssystemisthefishtank.Tankscomeineveryshapeandsize,limitedonlybytheimagination.Wehaveusedsquare,rectangularandroundtanks,madefromeverythingfromplastictometal.Polyurethanetanksseemtoworkthebestwiththeleastproblems.Ifthetankdoesnothaveafloorslopingtothemiddleoronesidethenitshouldbeproppedupsoeverythingdrainstoonecornerorside.Thiswillfacilitateinallowingthepumptoremovesolids.Figure24Thetankshouldbeconfiguredtoalloweasyharvestingoffishandifneedbecleaningal-thoughoursseemstobeselfcleaning.PumpInthesimplifiedsy