安全工程中英文翻译

2015届毕业（设计）论文外文翻译翻译题目：专业班级：安全工程（01）班学号：学生姓名：指导教师：指导教师职称：学院名称：资源与土木工程学院完成日期：2015年6月1日AnalysisofSafetyPerformanceintheConstructionIndustry关于建筑行业安全施工的分析学生姓名指导教师AnalysisofSafetyPerformanceintheConstructionIndustryDatasource:TheHKUScholarsHubOvertheyears,manyresearchershaveinvestigatedintothesafetyperformanceoftheconstructionindustry.Someofthemidentifiedfactorsleadingtotheoccurrenceofaccidentsonconstructionsites.Thehighfrequencyofconstructionaccidenthascastedtheindustryaconsiderableamount.Thegovernmentandmanyconcernedpartieshavetakenmeasuresagainstthepotentialcausesofaccidents,aimingatreducingaccidentsandpromotingsafetyintheindustry.1.DefinitionofAccidentLaney(1982)statesthatthesimplestdefinitionofanaccidentis“anuncontrollableoccurrencewhichresultsininjuryordamage”.Theeventsleadinguptoanaccidentarecontrollableinmostcases.InternationalLaborOfficeGeneva(1983)andKennedy(1997)alsoagreethataccidentsdon’tjusthappen,theyarepreventable.Allindustrialaccidentsare,eitherdirectlyorindirectly,attributabletohumanfailings.Rowlandson(1997)pointsoutthatanumberofelementswhichneedtobeincorporatedintothedefinitionifthisistobeusefulintermsofaccidentprevention.Theseelementsare:a.lackofmanagementcontrol;b.basicpersonalandtaskfactors;c.sub-standardactsandconditions–thesymptomsoftheaccident;d.anunplannedandundesiredeventorincident–theaccident;e.anundesiredoutcome–death,injuryorpropertydamage;f.acost.Hethusdefinesaccidentas:“...anunplannedincidentleadingtodeath,injuryorpropertydamagewhichstemsfrominadequatemanagementcontrolofworkprocessesmanifestingitselfinpersonalorjobfactorswhichleadtosubstandardactionsorconditionswhichareseenastheimmediatecausesoftheaccident.”2.CommonAccidentsinConstructionIndustryAccordingtoLingardandRowlinson(1994)accidentpronenesscanbemeasuredbythefrequencyofaccidentoccurrence.Accordingtosomeresearches,constructionindustryhasthehighestaccidentrateovertheyears,thusitissaidtobemoreaccident-pronethanotherindustries.Itisessentialtounderstandwhyconstructionindustryismorevulnerabletoaccidentthantheothers.TheLabourDepartmentclassifiedconstructionaccidentsbytypes.Table1showsthenumberofinjuriesin2004andfiguresinblanketsarethenumberoffatalityfixedorstationaryobject11.9%Fallofpersonfromheight11.7%Injuredwhilstliftingorcarrying16.0%Slip,triporfallonsamelevel17.3%Strikingagainstorstuckbymovingobject19.7%Contactwithmovingmachineryorobjectbeingmachined7.0%Others16.4%Theabovechartshowsthemajoraccidentswhichcontributedmorethan5%oftheconstructionaccidentsin2004:3.FacorsAffectingSafetyPerformanceofConstructionIndustryManyresearchershavestudiedthefactorsaffectingsafetyperformanceonconstructionsites.Stranks(1994)pointsoutthatthereasonsofthepoorsafetyrecordmaycorrelatewithmanyfactorssuchascomplexityoftheworkorsystem,risknatureofworks,managementstyle,safetyknowledgeandcommitment,andpersonalbehavior.Hereareseveralfactorsthataffectsafetyperformanceofcontractionindustry.a.CompanySizeTamandFung(1998)studytheeffectivenessofsafetymanagementstrategiesonsafetyperformance.Inthisstudy,thesafetyperformanceofcompaniesisgaugedbytheiraccidentratesin1994asaccidentratesaresteadierthroughouttheyearandtheycanbeeasilyobtained.Inthestudy,itisfoundthatcompanysize,intermofnumberofmanagementstaff,affectssafetyperformance.TamandFung(1998)observethattheaccidentrateofsmallcompaniesishighest,therateformediumsizedliesalmostattheindustrialaverageandthatforthelargefirmsisthelowest.Thisdemonstratesthatlargerfirmsgenerallyhavebettersafetyrecords.Thiscouldberesultedfromthemorestructuredandformalizedsafetyprogrammers,andstrongermanagementcommitmenttosafety.Itisfoundthatthehighernumberofemployeesintheorganization,thelowerfigureoftheaccidentrate.b.LevelofSubcontractingMulti-layersubcontractingisuniquetoChinaconstructionindustryandhasbeenthemostcommonpracticebeingusedwithlonghistory.Subcontractorswouldnormallyfurthersubcontracttheirworkwithouttheconsentoftheirprincipalcontractortoseveralsmallerfirmsinordertominimizetheiroverheads.Multi-layersofsubcontractorsisoneofthemajordifficultiesinimplementingsafetymanagement.RecentstudycarriedoutbyWongandSo(2004)showsthecurrentstatusofthesubcontractingpracticeandhowmulti-layersubcontractingsystemaffectsconstructionsafetyperformance.Theirquestionnairesurveyrevealsthatthemajorityofrespondents(45.5%)wouldsublet80-90%oftheirworkstosubcontractors.Noneoftherespondentswouldcarryoutconstructionworkthatfullyreliesontheirowneffort;atleast30%ofworkswouldbesubcontractedout.Lai(1987)attributesthehighsiteaccidentratestotheuseoflabour-onlysubcontractors.Assubcontractedworkersarehighlymobile,lackloyaltytocontractorsandarerewardedaccordingtoworkdone,theyaredifficulttocontrol.Implementingsafetypracticesonsitebecomesmoredifficult.Recentresearchers,likeWong(1999)andLee(1996),believemulti-layersubcontractingsystemisoneofthemajorcausestopoorsafetyperformanceinChina’sconstructionindustry.ThemostextremecaseofsubcontractingquotedbyLee(1999)wassubcontractingupto15layers.Hedescribessuchmulti-layersubcontractingascommonandexcessive.Smallbusiness,likesubcontracto