3.5-Nietzsche

ApolloGodofthesun,prophecy,musicandhealingRomanequivalent:ApolloBrotherofArtemisApollorepresentsorder,harmony,andcivilizationinawaythatmostotherGreekGodscannotquiteequal.HisroleastheleaderoftheMuses缪斯女神highlightsthefactheisapatronofintellectualpursuits.ApolloofMelos[`mi:lCs]Greekkouros[5kurCs]青年雕像statuestypicallydepictayoungmanstandingstiffly,withonelegextendedslightlyforward,andarebasedonEgyptianstatues.Thekourosshownhere,calledtheApolloofMelos,isfromthelaterpartoftheArchaicperiod(750to480BC)inGreekhistory.ItisintheNationalMuseuminAthens.ChariotofApollo:TheGreekmythologicalfigureApollo,sonofthegodZeusandLeto,wassaidtodriveagoldenchariotacrosstheskyeachday,representingthesun.Heisthegodofsunandlight,andalsothesoothsayinggod.Heisdepictedherewithhishorse-drawnchariotonaceilingpaintinginthePalazzoCorsiniinFlorence,Italy.Aurora[C:5rC:rE]黎明女神:Influencedbyclassicalantiquity,ItalianartistGuidoRenipaintedmanymythologicalscenes.Inthisceilingfresco,Aurora(thedawn)leadstheGreekgodApollo’schariot[5tFAriEt]战车,surroundedbythedancinghours【希神】掌管季节、时序等的女神.Completedin1613,itisintheCasinoRospigliosiinRome,Italy.DionysusGodofwine,cheer,vegetation,mysteriesandtheatreRomanequivalent:BacchusPlants:Ivy常春藤,grapevine葡萄藤Animal:Panther豹DionysuswasthesonofZeusandthemortalwomanSemele[`semIlI]塞默勒.Becauseofthis,someofthegodswereunhappyforDionysustobeseatedwiththeminOlympus.ButHestia,goddessofthehearthandoneofthetwelveoriginalOlympians,voluntarilygaveupherseattohim,andwenttotendtothesacredfireonMountOlympus.Dionysuswasrenownedforhisloveofwildparties,loudmusicandfrenzieddancing.ItwasDionysuswhograntedMidas[5maidEs]迈达斯thepowertoturnwhateverhetouchedintogold,andthenhappilytookthepowerbackwhenitprovedinconvenient.Accordingtotradition,Dionysusdiedeachwinterandwasreborninthespring.Tohisfollowers,thiscyclicalrevival,accompaniedbytheseasonalrenewalofthefruitsoftheearth,embodiedthepromiseoftheresurrectionofthedead.TheyearlyritesinhonoroftheresurrectionofDionysusgraduallyevolvedintothestructuredformoftheGreekdrama,andimportantfestivalswereheldinhonorofthegod,duringwhichgreatdramaticcompetitionswereconducted.Themostimportantfestival,theGreaterDionysia,washeldinAthensforfivedayseachspring.ItwasforthiscelebrationthattheGreekdramatistsAeschylus,Sophocles,andEuripideswrotetheirgreattragedies.ThemostcelebratedtheaterofclassicalAthens,thetheaterofDionysus,waslocatedontheslopeofahillbelowtheAcropolis.Aeschylus,Sophocles,Euripides,andAristophanes,thefourGreekplaywrightswhoseworkhassurvived,wroteforannualdramaticfestivalsheldthere.Theirplaysexpandedandinterpretedthecharactersandstoriesoflegendandhistory.Duringthe5thcenturyBC,thefeaturesofAthens’sannualdramaticfestivalbecamefixed:threegroupsofplayers—eachconsistingofachorus,musicians,andtwo(laterthree)actors—competedinactingfoursetsofplays.Eachsetcontainedthreetragediesandasatyrplay,aburlesque滑稽表演ofGreekmyththatservedascomicrelief调剂.Costumeswererichlydecorated,maskselaborate,andphysicalactionrestrained;violentscenesoccurredoffstage舞台后面.Inthe4thcenturyBC,theatersthroughouttheGreekworldgrewmoreelaborate.InBacchusandAriadne[9ArI`AdnI][希神]阿里阿德涅,paintedbetween1518and1522bytheVenetianartistTitianandhangingintheNationalGallery,London,DionysusisshownwithAriadne,whomhemarried.DionysuswasoneofthefewGreekgodswhowerefaithfultotheirwives.DionysoswithtwoMaenads[5mi:nAd]狂女(oneholdinghare,otherfawn小鹿)dressedinpantherskinsDithyramb赞美酒神的合唱颂歌和舞蹈:Anancient,drunken,dance-chantfertilityritualthatcelebratedthebirthofthewinegod,Dionysusandthevaunted夸耀fruitofthevine,developed,aroundtheninthandeighthcenturiesB.C.,withthedithyrambos.Thedithyramboswasperformedyearlyatfourtribalfestivals(calledorgia--fromwhichcomesourwordorgy).TheseDionysianrevelswereheldoutsidetown,probablyinandaroundbroad,earthenthreshingcircles,where,atharvesttime,sheaveswerepoundedtoseparategrainsfromthechaff[tFB:f]谷壳.SuchcirclescanstillbefoundinruralGreecetoday.Asixteen-footphallos(penis)waserectedinthecenterofthecircleasafocalpointfortheorgiastic狂欢的,放荡的festivities.HopiSnakeDance:actuallyaraindance,isconsideredoneofthemostspectacularofNativeAmericanceremonies.ItisperformedeverytwoyearsnearAugust20bytheSnakeandAntelopesocietiesoftheHopi.Therearemanystagestothisritual,includingfastingandpreparingthealtars.Fourdaysarespentcollecting50to60snakes.Onthe16thdayofthefestival,performerscatchsnakesintheirteethanddance.ThedayaftertheceremonythesnakesarereturnedtotheirnaturalenvironmenttospreadthewordthattheHopiareinharmonywiththespiritualandnaturalworld.HopiButterflyDance:ThispaintingdepictsaperformanceofthetraditionalHopiButterflydance.Thisdancewasnotimportantinaceremonialsense;insteaditwaswhatisknownasa“pastimedance.”ThesedancesweresimplysocialanddidnothavethedeepsignificanceofdancessuchastheSnakedance.TheButterflydancewasperformedinthelatesummer.BearDance:SiouxmenontheGreatPlainsperformabeardanceinthis1844lithographbyAmericanartistGeorgeCatlin.Heldseveraldaysinarowbeforeabearhunt,thedancewasbelievedtobeameansofcontactingthebearspiritandbringingsuccessonthehunt.Dancersimitate