Unit-4-Cause-and-Effect

Unit4CauseandEffect（因与果）LearningContent&Aim1.LearningContent:Thisunitisaproject-basedstudyoneuthanasia(安乐死)andend-of-lifecare(临终关怀).2.LearningAim:Thisunitisaimedatourlearningtoevaluate,synthesizeandorganizetheinformationinthepatternofcauseandeffect.Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&EffectQuestionstoThinkAbout:1.Whatiscauseandeffectindifferentsenses?2.Whataresignalwordsofcauseandeffect?3.Whattypesofthecauseandeffectpatternareacademicallyputforth?4.Howcanacauseandeffectessaybeorganized,analyzed,anddeveloped?Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect1.Whatiscauseandeffectindifferentsenses?a.Thephilosophicalconceptofcausality([kɔ:‘zælɪtɪ]因果关系);b.AcentralconceptofBuddhism;seeKarma([’ka:mə]因果报应)inBuddhism;c.Thestatisticalconceptandtest;seeGrangercausality(格兰杰因果关系检测);d.Arelationshipbetweenactionsoreventssuchthatoneormorearetheresultoftheotherorothers;e.Theconceptthatanactionoreventwillproduceacertainresponsetotheactionintheformofanotherevent;alsowrittencause-effect,cause/effect.Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect2.Whataresignalwordsofcauseandeffect?owingtoconsequentlytheresultofduetothereforetheeffectofbecauseofaccordinglytheconsequenceofhaveaneffectonforthisreasonasaresultofresultinitfollowsthatso…thatthecauseofnowthatforfearthatthankstosuch…thatowe…tooutofsoas…toseeingthatTask1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect3.Whattypesofthecauseandeffectpatternareacademicallyputforth?Fourtypesofcauseandeffectpatternareusuallyacademicallyputforth:a.singlecause---singleeffectpattern(一因一果模式)e.g.Maryfailedtheexambecauseshedidnotstudyhard.b.multiplecauses---singleeffectpattern(多因一果模式)Whenweanalyzethecausesofsomething,sometimesitmayinvolveanumberoffactorsormultiplecauseswhichproducethesingleeffect.Thecausesmaybeunrelatedtoeachother,butallarelinkedtotheeffect.Thispatternstartswithaneffectandexplainitscauses.Itcanbediagramedasfollows:Cause1---Cause2---EffectCause3---Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect3.Whattypesofthecauseandeffectpatternareacademicallyputforth?Fourtypesofcauseandeffectpatternareusuallyacademicallyputforth:c.Singlecause---multipleeffectspattern(一因多果模式)Whenwedoacauseandeffectanalysis,acausemayproducemultipleresultsoreffectswhichcanbeillustratedbythefollowingdiagram:---Effect1Cause---Effect2---Effect3Forexample,indiscussingtheproblemofexcessiveconsumptionofsugar,researchersfindthatitcancontributetobloodsugarimbalances,toothdecay,hyperactivity(多动症)inchildren,weightgain,etc.,whicharesimplythemulti-effectsofthecause.Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect3.Whattypesofthecauseandeffectpatternareacademicallyputforth?Fourtypesofcauseandeffectpatternareusuallyacademicallyputforth:d.thecausalchainpattern(因果关系链模式)Unlikethemultiplecauseandeffectanalysis,thecausesandeffectsinacausalchainarealwaysdirectlyrelatedorlinked.Inthispattern,eachcausehasaneffect,whichcanbethecauseofanothereffect,soonandsoforth.Thiscanbeillustratedasfollows:Cause1---Effect1---cause2---Effect2---cause3---effect3---cause4---effect4Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect3.Whattypesofthecauseandeffectpatternareacademicallyputforth?Fourtypesofcauseandeffectpatternareusuallyacademicallyputforth:d.thecausalchainpattern(因果关系链模式)Forinstance,anoverweightsmokerisinactivebecauseofshortnessofbreath.Hewenttoseethedoctorwhotoldhimtoquitsmoking.Hefollowedthedoctor’sadvice.Soonhewasabletobreathemoreeasily.Asaresult,hefeltbetterphysically.Hethenstartedanexerciseprogram.Asaresultofthisincreasedactivity,helostweight.Whatisshowninthisexampleisatypicaldomino-likecausalchainpattern.Thecausalchainpatternhastwomajoruses:a.Itisusefulforexplainingoneofthecausesinamultiple-causeessay;b.Itisfrequentlyusedinsciencetoanalyzevariouskindsofcyclessuchasbiologicalorchemicalchains.Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect4.Howcanacauseandeffectessaybeorganized,analyzed,anddeveloped?1)Whilewritingacauseandeffectessay,4stepsshouldbefollowed:a.Distinguishbetweencauseandeffect.b.Developyourthesisstatement(thestatementstatingthecausesortheeffectsthataretobediscussedintheessay).c.Findandorganizesupportingdetailsinthefollowingorder:*Chronologicalorder*Orderofimportance*Categoricalorderd.Usingappropriatetransitions.Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect4.Howcanacauseandeffectessaybeorganized,analyzed,anddeveloped?2)Theorganizationofcauseandeffectanalysisa.Theintroductorypart*Tostatethepurposedirectlyandprovidecertainbackgroundinformation.e.g.Everyyearthousandsofpeopleintheworlddieofdiseasesrelatedtosmoking.Smokinghasanumberofbadeffectsonpeople.…*TouseDramaticEntrancetointroducethebeginningpart.e.g.bydescribingadream,atruestory,etc.*Tostartwithaquotationbyanauthorityonthetopicorbyafamouspersonwhosayssomethingrelevanttowhatistobediscussedintheessay.b.Thedevelopmentpartofacauseandeffectessay(Seethe4causeandeffectpatterns)Task1:FamiliarizingYourselfwithCause&Effect4.Howcanacauseandeffectessaybeorganized,analyzed,anddeveloped?2)Theorganizationofcauseandeffectanalysisc.Theconcludingpart*Reviewingthecausesoreffectsdiscussedintheessay.*Advisingthereaderormakingsomesugge