化学专业英语有机化合物中英文命名一

有机化合物的命名系统命名IUPACnames(systematicnames)俗名法trivialnames(popularnames)国际纯粹化学和应用化学联合会IUPAC:InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistryNomenclatureofOrganicCompounds有机化合物的命名系统命名IUPACnames(systematicnames)CCS命名法-中文系统命名法CCS-ChineseChemicalSociety,CCS以IUPAC基本原则为准则，结合中文特点稍有不同.不含官能团化合物NonfunctionalCompounds1烃类------（烷烃《Alkane》烯烃《Alkene》炔烃《Alkyne》）2单环化合物（Monocycliccompounds）官能团化合物Functionalcompounds有机化合物的命名1烃类------（烷烃《Alkane》烯烃《Alkene》炔烃《Alkyne》）Alkane烷烃，链烷Alkene烯烃，链烯Alkyne炔烃烷烃命名Alkane十二十一十九Numberocta-八hepta-七hexa-六penta-五PrefixNumbertetra-四tri-三di-二mono-一PrefixNumberdodeca-undeca-deca-nona-Prefix希腊前缀prefix十三trideca十七heptadeca十四tetradeca十八octadeca十五pentadeca十九nonadeca十六hexadeca二十icosa链烷烃命名(Thenamesoflinearalkanes)CH4MethaneC8H18OctaneC15H32pentadecaneC2H6EthaneC9H20NonaneC16H34hexadecaneC3H8PropaneC10H22DecaneC17H36heptadecaneC4H10ButaneC11H24UndecaneC18H38octadecaneC5H12PentaneC12H26DodecaneC19H40nonadecaneC6H14HexaneC13H28TridecaneC20H42icosaneC7H16HeptaneC14H30TetradecaneNamesofcontinuous-chainalkanes(C1-C20)后缀Suffix---ane烯烃的命名（Alkene）---ene（Suffix）IUPACnames：EthenepropenebuteneTrivialname:ethylenepropylenebutylene如果不是端烯烃则需要给出双键在碳链中的位置givepositionofC=C烯烃的命名（Alkene）C8H18OcteneC15H32pentadeceneC2H6EtheneC9H20NoneneC16H34hexadeceneC3H8PropeneC10H22DeceneC17H36heptadeceneC4H10ButeneC11H24UndeceneC18H38octadeceneC5H12PenteneC12H26DodeceneC19H40nonadeceneC6H14HexeneC13H28TrideceneC20H42icoseneC7H16HepteneC14H30TetradeceneNamesofcontinuous-chainalkenes(C1-C20)炔烃的命名（Alkyne）---yne（Suffix）IUPACnames：Ethynepropynebutyne~IcosyneTrivialname:acetylene如果不是端烯烃则需要给出叁键的位置givepositionofC≡C直链烃基取代基(substituents)的命名烷基alkyl-alkaneRule:omitthesuffix“ane”andadd“yl”totheendofthename(去掉后缀“ane”,加上“yl”)methyl–nonadecyl–icosyl直链烃基取代基的命名烯基alkenyl-alkeneRule:omitthelastletter“e”andadd“yl”totheendofthename(去掉最后一个字母“e”，加上后缀“yl”)ethenyl乙烯基）1-propenyl(丙烯基)trivialnames:vinyl,allyl(烯丙基)直链烃基取代基的命名炔基alkynylalkyneRule:omitthelastletter“e”andadd“yl”totheendofthename(去掉最后一个字母“e”，加上后缀“yl”)1-propynyl（丙炔基）,1-pentynyl（戊炔基）苯基benzene=phenephenyl（苯基）---benzyl（苯甲基，苄基）如果相同的烷基（简单的烷基）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：di-,tri-,tetra-如果相同的烷基（复杂的烷基）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：bis-,tris-,tetrakis-,pentakis-bi-:biphenyl（联苯）,binuclear-（双核）烃基取代基的命名支链烃的命名（Branched-alkylgroup）Rulei.Choosethelongestcontinuouschainwiththegreatestnumberofsubstituentsastheparentbody.规则1.选择最长、取代基最多的碳链作为主链.支链烃的命名C-C-C-C-C-CCCC-C-C-C-C-C-CCCCCCC3-methylheptane（3-甲基庚烷）2,3,5-trimethyl-4-propylheptaneRuleii.Givethelowestpositionnumbersforsubstituents.规则2.取代基的位置数目总和最小。支链烃的命名C-C-C-C-CCCCC-C-C-C-CCCC2,3,3-trimethylpentane2,2,4-trimethylpentaneC-C-C-C-C-CCCC2,3,5-trimethylhexaneRuleiii.Givethefirstlistedsubstituentalowerpositionnumber;thesumofthepositionnumbersforallsbustituentsshouldbeaslowaspossible.规则3.数字较小的取代基排在前面，表示取代基位置的数字总和尽可能小。支链烃的命名支链烃的命名（Branched-alkylgroup）Thenamesofthesubstituentsaregiveninalphabeticalorderinthesystematicnamesoforganiccompounds.Excepttheprefixesiso-andneo-,theotherprefixes,suchasdi-,tri-,sec-,tert-arenotinvolvedinalphabeticallisting.支链烃的命名C-C-C-C-C-CClClCl2,3,5-trichlorohexanenot2,4,5-trichlorohexaneC-C-(CH2)4-C-C-C-CCCC2,7,8-trimethyldecanenot3,4,9-trimethyldecane2,3,5-trichlorohexaneNot2,4,5-trichlorohexane2,7,8-trimethyldecaneNot3,4,9-trimethyldecane烃基取代基的命名如果是枝状的烷基，用前缀iso-,neo-,sec-,tert-表示n-—normal(正）iso-—isomeric(异）tert-—tertiary(叔）CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3n-pentaneCH3CH3CH3CH3CH2n-pentylisopentaneCCCCCisopentylCCCCCtert-butylCCCC烃基取代基的命名neo-—neos(新),sec-—secondary(仲）neopentaneneo-()新CCCCCCCCCCneopentylsec-()仲sec-butylC-C-C-C烃基取代基的命名sec-（仲）,tert-（叔）只用于丁基：sec-butyl,tert-butyliso-（异）,neo-（新）既可以用于化合物的命名，又可以用于取代基的命名。isobutyl,isobutane,isohexyl,neopentyl,neopentane烃基取代基的命名Exercises:2-methylpentane5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloctane2,2-dimethyl-5-ethyloctane4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane（壬烷）3-methyl-4-sec-butylnonane5-isopropyl-4-propyldecane（癸烷）4-propyl-5-isopropyldecane3-propyl-1,3,5-hexatriene4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane（叔丁基）5-sec-butylnonane仲丁基5-(2-butyl)nonane5-2’-butylnonane2-methyl-4,4-bis(tert-butyl)octane4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane（叔丁基）4-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne3-acetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene3-vinyl-4-propyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne2单环化合物（Monocycliccompounds）的命名命名规则：环烷烃cyclo+alkanecyclo+alkyl环烯烃cyclo+alkenecyclo+alkenyl环炔烃cyclo+alkynecyclo+alkynylcyclohexanecyclohexenemonocycliccompoundscyclo+thenameofalkanecyclopropanecyclopentanecyclohexanemonosubstituted:chlorocyclohexanemethylcyclopentaneClCH3ClCH31-chloro-3-methylcyclohexane1-甲基-3-氯环己烷OHCl3-chlorocyclopentanolcyclopentylcyclohexaneOH3-cyclohexylcyclopentanolmultisubstituted:Givethefunctionalgroupthelowestpositionnumber.Thesumofpositionnumbersforallsubstituentsshouldbeaslowaspossible.cyclopentylcyclohexanetrans-1-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexaneHC2H5CH3H5-cyclopentyl-2-methylheptane环烷烃环烯烃1,3–cyclohexadiene1,5-cyclooctadiene3,5-dimethylcyclohexeneH3CCH3CH3CH3C2H5H3C3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene支链取代基的命名xyleneo,m,p-benzenetoluene芳香化合物ArometiccompoundsCH3H3CCH3邻位---ortho间位---meta对位---paramesityleneCHCH2styrene单取代苯Monosubstitute