有机化合物中英文命名-2

朱金丽有机化合物的命名朱金丽NomenclatureofOrganicCompounds非官能团化合物NonfunctionalCompounds1烃类------（烷烃《Alkane》烯烃《Alkene》炔烃《Alkyne》）2单环化合物（Monocycliccompounds）3、官能团化合物Functionalcompounds有机化合物的命名有机化合物的命名系统命名IUPACnames(systematicnames)俗名法trivialnames(popularnames)国际理论和应用化学联合会IUPAC:InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry官能团化合物卤代烃-Alkylhalides醇-Alcohols硫醇-Thiols醇盐-Thesaltsofalcohols(ROM)硫醇盐-Thesaltsofthiols(RSM)醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)官能团化合物环氧化合物-Epoxides硫化物-SulfidesR1-S-R2)胺-Amines醛-Aldehydes酮-Ketones羧酸-Carboxylicacids官能团化合物酰胺-Amides酯-Ester羧酸盐-Thesaltsofacids酸酐-Carboxylicanhydrides酰氯-Acylhalides腈-Nitriles官能团化合物内酯和内酰胺-Lactonesandlactams缩醛和缩酮-Acetalsandketals亚胺-Imines氢过氧化物-Hydroperoxides过氧化二乙醚-Etherperoxides(ROOR’)过氧酸-AcidperoxidesRCOOHO1、卤代烃-Alkylhalides命名规则halo+thenameofalkane----halo+烷烃的名称Thenameofalkylgroup+halide---烷基+halide卤素—halogen---halo卤化物----halide1、卤代烃-AlkylhalidesSymbolEnglishNamesFFluorineClChlorineBrBromineIIodine卤族元素（卤素取代基）halo:fluoro,chloro,bromo,iodo（卤化物）Halide:fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide取代基substituentsSomeFunctionalGroupsNamedasPrefixesStructureName-ORAlkoxy-*-NH2Amino--N=N-Azo--BrBromo--ClChloro--FFluoro--HHydro--IIodo--NO2Nitro--NONitroso-*methoxy-,ethoxy-,etc.,dependingupontheRgroup1、卤代烃-AlkylhalidesSystematicname:prefix“halo-：fluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,iodo-”+thenameofalkane系统命名法：卤素取代基（halo：fluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,iodo-）+烷烃名Trivialname(C1-C4):thenameofalkylgroup+fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide俗名法：烷基取代基+Halide（fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide）1、卤代烃-Alkylhalides异丙基氯化物叔丁基氯化物C-C-C-ClC1-chloro-2-methylpropaneisobutylchlorideC-C-CCClC-C-CCl2-chloropropaneisopropylchloride2-chloro-2-methylpropanetert-butylchloride2-iodopropaneisopropyliodide2-bromoisohexane1、卤代烃-AlkylhalidesH3CCHCH3IBrCH3CH3-CH-CH2-CH-CH3Somespecialnamesforalkylhalides:CHX3chloroformbromoformiodoformCH2Cl2methylenechlorideCCl4carbontetrachlorideCl3C-CCl3perchloroethane1、一些卤代烃的专用名称2、醇-AlcoholsRule：Thenameofalcoholaregivenbyreplacingthefinalletter“e”ofthenameofalkane（Alkene，Alkyne）withthesuffix“ol”规则：去掉烃名称Alkane，Alkene，Alkyne的最后一个字母e，加上后缀“ol”2、醇-AlcoholsSystematicname:SelectthelongestcontinuouschaintowhichtheOHgroupisdirectlyattached,andgivetheOHgroupthepossiblelowerpositionnumber.C-C-COHC-C-C-C-CCCOH2-propanol4,4-dimethyl-pentan-2-olC-C-COHC2-methylpropan-2-olCl-C-C-C-OH3-chloropropanol2、醇-AlcoholsTrivialname(C1-C4):thenameofalkylgroup+alcoholOH2-cyclopenten-1-olOHphenolC-C-COHisopropylalcoholtert-butylalcoholC-C-CCOH2、醇-Alcohols◆AlcoholscontainingmorethanoneOHgroupSystematicname:suffix:-diol,-triol…Trivialname:glycol(乙二醇),glycerol（丙三醇）…CH2CH2OHOHethyleneglycol1,2-ethanediolCCCOHOHpropyleneglycol1,2-propanediolHO-C-C-C-OHOHglycerol1,2,3-propanetriol2-propanolisopropanolH3CCHCH3OH2、醇-Alcohols5-methyl-3-propyl-2-hexanolH3CCHCH2CH3CHCHCH3C3H7OH2、醇-AlcoholsHClClCH3HO3,4-dichloro-2-butanol2-cyclopentenolHOCH3OHOH2、醇-Alcohols2-methyl-1,4-cyclohexanediol3、硫醇-Thiols-SHSystematicname:thenameofalkane+thiol系统命名法：烷烃名称alkane加上后缀“thiol”H3CH2CCH2SHCH3SH1-propanethiol0-mercaptotoluenemercapto含巯基的，含硫氢基的3、硫醇-Thiols-SHC-C-C-C-SHCSHC-C-SHC-C-C-C=CSCH3ethanethiol2-methylbutanethiol4-methylthio-1-pentene3-mercapto-1-cyclopentenesystematicnames:3、硫醇-Thiols-SHTrivialname：thenameofalkylgroup+mercaptantrivialnames:C-C-SHC-C-S-C-CC=C-C-S-C=CC-C-C-SHCethylmercaptanisobutylmercaptandiethylsulfideallylvinylsulfide4、醇盐-Thesaltsofalcohols(ROM)Systematicname:Thenameofcation+thenameofRgroup+oxide规则：阳离子名称+取代基R名称+oxide4、醇盐-Thesaltsofalcohols(ROM)potassiumisopentyloxideH3CCHCH2H2CCH3OKO-NH4+ammoniumcyclohexyloxide5、硫醇盐Thesaltsofthiols(RSM)Systematicname:thenameofcation+thenameofthiol+ateTrivialname：thenameofcation+thenameofRgroup+sulfide规则：系统命名法：阳离子名称+硫醇名称+后缀ate俗名法：阳离子名称+取代基R+sulfide5、硫醇盐Thesaltsofthiols(RSM)lithiumtert-butylsulfidelithiumtert-butanethiolatelithium2-methylpropane-2-thiolateLiSCH3CH3CH36、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)Systematicname:namethesimpleORgroupasasubstituent,thelongchainasaparentbody规则：简单的烷氧基作为取代基，长碳链作为主链CH3O-C-C-O-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-C-O-methoxyethoxypropoxybutoxyC5H11O-C6H13O-suffix:-yloxypentyloxyhexyloxy6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)SystematicnameC-C-C-C=COC4-methoxy-1-penteneC2H5-OCH3p-ethoxytolueneCH3CH2CH2OCH3O1,2-dimethoxyethane4Hoofurantetrahydrofuran1,4-dioxaneOO6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)Trivialname:listthenamesofbothgroupsthatattachedtotheoxygeninanalphabeticorder+ether俗名法：按照字母顺序列出和氧原子相连的两个烷基+etherC-O-C=CC-C-O-C-CmethylvinyletherdiethyletherbenzylisopropyletherC6H5CH2O-C-CCsec-butylmethylether仲丁基2-methoxybutaneC2H5OC2H5H3CCH2CHCH3OCH3H3CCH2OCHCH3CH3ethylisopropylether6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)(di)ethyletherTrivialname:冠醚-crownethers规则：碳原子个数+crown+氧原子个数8-crown-412-crown-6OOOOOOOOOO6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)1-chloro-1,2-epoxypropaneCHCHOH3CClCHCHORR'7.环氧化合物EpoxidesSystematicname:epoxy+thenameofalkane规则：epoxy+烷烃名称2-(methylthio)butaneH3CSCHH2CCH3CH38.硫醚SulfidesR1-S-R2thioethers–sulfides(RSR,硫醚)-SR,alkylthio,烷基硫基Systematicname:namethesimpleSRgroupasasubstituent,thelongchainasaparentbody.Thenameofsmallalkylthio+thenameofalkane规则：简单的烷基硫基作为取代基，长碳链作为主链8.硫醚