英文文献综述

AcademicWritingCourseContentsDataTypesandCollectionMethods1GeneralFormatofResearchPaper2DefinitionofLiteratureReview3StepsinReviewingLiterature4OrganizationofLiteratureReview5ElementsinIntroductionSection6Typesofdata?TypesofDataPrimaryDataSecondaryDataQuantitativeData定量QualitativeData定性ContinuousData连续(variable)DiscreteData间断/离散AttributeData‘Open’DataNominalData定类OrdinalData定序IntervalData定距RatioData定比WayofcollectingNatureofdata--fieldresearch--deskresearchQualitativedatavs.quantitativedata?GeneralFormatofResearchPaperIMRaDformatIntroductionWhyresearchneededMethodologyHowresearchcompletedandresultsanalyzedResultsAndWhatwasfound(data)DiscussionInterpretationofresultsandapplicationtoclinicalpracticeWhatisaliterature?imaginativeworkslikenovelsorpoetry?anypublishedmaterialthatprovidesinformationinthefieldbeingdiscussed,perhapswithinaspecifictimeperiod.Whatisaliteraturereview?Thefocusofaliteraturereviewistosummarizeandsynthesizetheargumentsandideasofotherswithoutaddingnewcontributions.surveysscholarlyarticles,booksandothersources(e.g.dissertations,conferenceproceedings)relevanttoaparticularissue,areaofresearch,ortheory.providesadescription,summary,andcriticalevaluationofeachwork.offersanoverviewofsignificantliteraturepublishedonatopic.Step1Step2Step3Step4DefiningthepurposeSearchingfortheliteratureReadingandanalyzingtheliteratureOrganizingthecontentsStep5WritingthereviewStepstoconductaliteraturereviewJournalpapersBooksThesesanddissertationsConferenceproceedingsGovernmentpublicationsTechnicalreportsInternetresourcesOrganizationofLiteratureReviewChronologicalBypublicationdateBytrendThematicAstructurewhichconsidersdifferentthemesMethodologicalFocusesonthemethodsoftheresearcher,e.g.,qualitativeversusquantitativeapproachesWhatareincludedinIntroduction?ElementsFunctionsPara.1S1-2Para.1S3-5Para.2-3Para.4Para.5GeneralStatementstoprovidethereaderwithasettingfortheproblemtobeinvestigatedSpecificStatementstodescribetheaspectsoftheproblemalreadystudiedbyotherresearcherstofindthegapandindicatetheneedformoreinvestigationoftheproblemThesisStatementtopresentthepurposes/objectivesofthecurrentstudyOptionalStatementstogiveavalueorjustificationforcarryingoutthestudy,limitationofthestudy,etc.P26(LiteratureReview)ListdifferentopinionsonpovertyandenvironmentaldegradationBruntlandCommissionReport,etc.ontheonesideLeachandMearnsontheothersidePovertyisamajorcauseofenvironmentalproblemsandameliorationofpovertyisanecessaryandcentralconditionofanyeffectiveprogramsaddressingtheenvironment.Environmentaldegradation,rapidpopulationgrowthandstagnantproductionarecloselylinkedwiththefastspreadofacutepovertyinmanycountriesofAsia.Poorfamilieswhohavetomeetshorttermneedsminethenaturalcapitalbyexcessivecuttingoftreesforfirewoodandfailuretoreplacesoilnutrients.Thesestudiespointtodemographic,cultural,andinstitutionalfactorsasimportantvariablesinthepoverty-environmentaldegradationnexus.Anintricateweboffactorsplustheexistenceoffeedbackloopsfromenvironmentaldegradationtopovertymakestheprocessofidentifyingcausalitylinks,ifany,betweenenvironmentaldegradationandpovertyadifficultexercise.Tensesincitation?1.Whatdowealreadyknowintheimmediateareaconcerned?2.Whatarethecharacteristicsofthekeyconceptsorthemainfactorsorvariables?3.Whataretherelationshipsbetweenthesekeyconcepts,factorsorvariables?4.Whataretheexistingtheories?5.Wherearetheinconsistenciesorothershortcomingsinourknowledgeandunderstanding?6.Whatviewsneedtobe(further)tested?7.Whatevidenceislacking,inconclusive,contradictoryortoolimited?8.Whystudy(further)theresearchproblem?9.Whatcontributioncanthepresentstudybeexpectedtomake?10.Whatresearchdesignsormethodsseemunsatisfactory?someofthequestionsaliteraturereviewshouldanswerLiteratureReviewUntilrecentlymanyresearchershaveshowninterestinthefieldofcoastalerosionandtheresultingbeachprofiles.Theyhavecarriedoutnumerouslaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservationstoilluminatethedarknessofthisfield.Theirfindingsandsuggestionsarereviewedhere.JACHOWSKI(1964)developedamodelinvestigationconductedontheinterlockingprecastconcreteblockseawall.AfteraresultofasurveyofdamagescausedbytheseverestormalongthecoastofUSA,anewandespeciallyshapedconcreteblockwasdevelopedforuseinshoreprotection.Thisblockwasdesignedtobeusedinarevetmenttypeseawallthatwouldbebothdurableandeconomicalaswellasreducewaverun-upandovertopping,andscouratitsbaseortoe.Itwasprovedthateffectiveshoreprotectioncouldbedesignedutilisingtheseunits.HOM-MAandHORIKAWA(1964)studiedwaveforcesactingontheseawallwhichwaslocatedinsidethesurfzone.Onthebasisoftheexperimentalresultsconductedtomeasurewaveforcesagainstaverticalwall,theauthorsproposedanempiricalformulaofwavepressuredistributiononaseawall.Thecomputedresultsobtainedbyusingtheaboveformulawerecomparedwellwiththefielddataofwavepressureonaverticalwall.SELEZOVandZHELEZNYAK(1965)conductedexperimentsonscourofseabottominfrontofharbourseawalls,basingonthetheoreticalinvestigationofsolitarywaveinteractionwithaverticalwallusingaBoussinesquetypeequation.Itshowed