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2019/11/162019/11/16Terminology2Combiningformprefixandsuffixmeaningterminologymeaningaden/ogland腺adenitisadenomaadenopathy腺炎腺瘤腺病crin/osecrete分泌endocrinologyhypercrinecrinogenic内分泌学内分泌机能亢进的促分泌的hormon/ohormone激素hormonalhormonogenesishormonology激素的，激素性激素生成内分泌学adren/oadrenalglands肾上腺adrenitisadrenolyticadrenopathy肾上腺炎抗肾上腺素的肾上腺病2019/11/16Terminology3Combiningformprefixandsuffixmeaningterminologymeaningpancreat/opancreas胰腺pancreaticpancreatinpancreatogram胰腺，胰脏的胰酶胰造影摄片gluc/osugar糖glucagonglucogenesisglucolysis胰高血糖素葡萄糖生成糖酵解glyc/osugar糖glycopeniaglycosuriahyperglycemia低糖，糖过少糖尿高血糖症insulin/oinsulin胰岛素insulinaseinsulomahyperinsulinism胰岛素酶胰岛素瘤高胰岛素血症2019/11/16Terminology4Combiningformprefixandsuffixmeaningterminologymeaningendo-within内endodermendoscopeendoplasm内胚层内镜内质thyroid/othyroid甲状腺thyroiditisthyroidectomyhypothyroidism甲状腺炎甲状腺切除术甲状腺功能减退ovari/oovary卵巢ovariotomyovaritisovariopathy卵巢切开术卵巢炎卵巢病-trophicnutrition,growth,nourishment营养（的）neurotrophicthymotrophicadrenotrophic神经营养性的促胸腺的促肾上腺的01BriefIntroduction02Classification03Themajorfactors04Pathogenesis05ClinicalManifestations06Complications07Diagnosis08Antidiastole09TherapycontentsFigure1：Mainsymptomofdiabetes6Diabetesmellitus,orsimplydiabetes,isagroupofmetabolicdiseasesinwhichapersonhashighbloodsugar,eitherbecausethepancreasdoesnotproduceenoughinsulin,orbecausecellsdonotrespondtotheinsulinthatisproduced.Thishighbloodsugarproducestheclassicalsymptomsofpolyuria(frequenturination),polydipsia(increasedthirst),andpolyphagia(increasedhunger).01BriefIntroduction702Classification2.1Type1diabetesThepancreasundergoesanautoimmuneattackbythebodyitself,andisrenderedincapableofmakinginsulin.Abnormalantibodieshavebeenfoundinthemajorityofpatientswithtype1diabetes.Antibodiesareproteinsinthebloodthatarepartofthebody‘simmunesystem,thepatientwithtype1diabetesmustrelyoninsulinmedicationforsurvival.02Classification2.2Type2diabetesItpreviouslyreferredtoasnon-insulindependentdiabetesmellitus,oradultonsetdiabetesmellitus.patientscanstillproduceinsulin,butdosorelativelyinadequatelyfortheirbody‘sneeds,particularlyinthefaceofinsulinresistanceasdiscussedabove.Inmanycasesthisactuallymeansthepancreasproduceslargerthannormalquantitiesofinsulin.Amajorfeatureoftype2diabetesisalackofsensitivitytoinsulinbythecellsofthebody.02Classification2.3Othertypeofdiabetesgestationaldiabetes,occurswhenpregnantwomenwithoutapreviousdiagnosisofdiabetesdevelopahighbloodglucoselevel.Itmayprecededevelopmentoftype2DM.Otherformsofdiabetesmellitusincludecongenitaldiabetes,whichisduetogeneticdefectsofinsulinsecretion,cysticfibrosis-relateddiabetes,steroiddiabetesinducedbyhighdosesofglucocorticoids,andseveralformsofmonogenicdiabetes.2019/11/16•meta-变化的•metabolismn.新陈代谢•metaboliten.代谢物•metabolizev.使新陈代谢•metabolicadj.变化的，新陈代谢的•poly-多的，多个的，聚合的•polydipsia多饮•polyuria多尿•polyphagia多食WordAnalysis2019/11/16•uri-尿的，与尿有关的•urinen.尿•polyuria多尿•uricadj.尿的•urinaln.尿壶•urinatev.小便•urinationn.排尿•glucosuria糖尿WordAnalysis2019/11/16•Birthweight:•Fat•Irregularmenses(menstruation)•Inflammation•Obesityandasedentarylifestyle•Smoking•Metabolicsyndrome03Themajorfactors03Themajorfactors3.1BirthweightThereisarelationshipbetweenbirthweightanddevelopingdiabetes.Thehigherthebirthweightthehighertheriskoftype2diabetes.Attheotherendofthespectrum,averyhighbirthweight(over8.8poundsor4kg)alsoisassociatedwithanincreasedrisk.Additionally,mothersofinfantswhohadahigherbirthweight(over9pounds)areatincreasedriskfordevelopingdiabetes.03Themajorfactors3.2FatThedistributionoffatisimportant.Theclassicpearshapeperson(smallerwaistthanhips)hasalowerriskofdevelopingdiabetesthantheappleshapeperson(largeraroundthewaist).Theexactreasonforthisdifferenceisunknown,butitisthoughttohavesomethingtodowiththemetabolicactivityofthefattissueindifferentareasofthebody.03Themajorfactors3.3Irregularmenses(menstruation)Thereisanassociationbetweenthelengtheningofthemenstrualcycleandtheriskfordevelopingdiabetes,particularlyinobesewomen.thosewhohadacyclelengthofgreaterthan40daysweretwiceaslikelytodevelopdiabetesthanthosewhocycledevery26to31days.Theassociationisthoughttobelinkedwithpolycysticovariansyndrome(PCOS)whichisalsoknowntobeassociatedwithinsulinresistance.Insulinresistancemaybeaprecursorfortype2diabetes.03Themajorfactors3.4inflammationInrecentyearswehavebeguntounderstandtheimportanceofinflammationandheartdisease.Wenowknowthatinflammationmayplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofdiabetesaswell.AninflammationmarkerknownasC-reactiveproteinhasbeenshowntobeincreasedinwomenatriskfordevelopingthemetabolicsyndrome,andinbothmenandwomenatriskfordevelopingtype2diabetes.03Themajorfactors3.5ObesityandasedentarylifestyleObesityandasedentarylifestylearethebiggestriskfactorsthatarecontrollable.Thisisinpartduetothefactthatobesityincreasesthebody'sresistancetoinsulin.Studieshaveshownthatreversalofobesitythroughweightreductionimprovesinsulinsensitivityandregulationofbloodsugar.03Themajorfactors3.6smokingSmokingisharmfulinmanywaysincludingincreasingtheriskofcancerandheartdisease.Italsoincreasestheriskofdevelopingtype