《中国传统文化》英文版--5.四书

TheFourBooksTheFourBooksTheFourBooksandTheFiveClassicswerethecanonicalworksoftheConfuciancultureinthefeudalsocietyinancientChina.TheFourBooksrefersto:TheGreatLearningTheDoctrineoftheMeanTheAnalects(ofConfucius),orConfucianAnalectsTheWorksofMencius.HowtolearntheFourBooks?“先读《大学》，以定其规模；次读《论语》，以定其根本；次读《孟子》，以观其发越；次读《中庸》，以求古人微妙处”。——朱熹《大学》——治学之道TheGreatLearningTheGreatLearningisinfactanessayinTheBookofRites.Itisaboutthecultivationofone’smoralcharacterandthewisdomsofgoverningacountryduringthe“daxue”(orgreatlearningorhighereducation)periodofancientChina.TheGreatLearningTheauthorshipofthebookisnotclear.Itisassumedthatitistheworkof,oneofConfucius’disciples,orthatthedisciplegotitfromConfucius.ThatiswhyZhuXiregarded,inashortcommentarycalledDaxueZhangjv,thefirstpartofthebookastheCanon,andtherestofthebookexplainingthecanonasCommentaries,whicharefurtherdividedinto10parts.TheGreatLearning大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。大学为人君，止于仁；为人臣，止于敬；为人子，止于孝；为人父，止于慈；与国人交，止于信。——《传·第三章》TheGreatLearning古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国；欲治其国者，先齐其家；欲齐其家者，先修其身；欲修其身者，先正其心；欲正其心者，先诚其意；欲诚其意者，先致其知；致知在格物。TheGreatLearning物格而后知至，知至而后意诚，意诚而后心正，心正而后身修，身修而后家齐，家齐而后国治，国治而后天下平。《论语》——为人之道TheAnalectsTheConfucianAnalectsorTheAnalectsisacollectionofthesayingsandteachingsofConfuciusandhisdisciples.ItwascompliedintheearlyWarringStatesPeriod,over70yearsafterthedeathofConfucius,fromthenotesthathisdisciplesmadeaccordingtotheanswerstheMastergavetotheirquestions.TheAnalectsBenevolenceembodiestheethicalsystemofConfucius.“Thebenevolentloveothers.”Benevolenceisinfactthemoralcodesregardingself-cultivationandinterpersonalrelationship.It,intheeyesofConfucius,isthenoblestcharacterandmoralstateembracingandcommandingallvirtues.Benevolence,inthebookofAnalectsbyConfucius,includesmodesty,leniency,faithfulness,resourcefulness,kindness,bravery,wisdom,andhonestywithslownessofspeech,loyalty,tolerance,studiousness,etc.国人不可不知的5句《论语》经典1.子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”(卷一学而第一)国人不可不知的5句《论语》经典2.司马牛忧曰：“人皆有兄弟，我独亡。”子夏曰：“商闻之矣：死生有命，富贵在天。君子敬而无失，与人恭而有礼。四海之内，皆兄弟也。君子何患乎无兄弟也？”(卷六颜渊第十二)国人不可不知的5句《论语》经典3.仲弓问仁。子曰：“出门如见大宾，使民如承大祭。己所不欲，勿施于人。在邦无怨，在家无怨。”仲弓曰：“雍虽不敏，请事斯语矣。”(卷六颜渊第十二)国人不可不知的5句《论语》经典4.有子曰：“礼之用，和为贵。先王之道斯为美，小大由之。有所不行，知和而和，不以礼节之，亦不可行也。”(卷一学而第一)国人不可不知的5句《论语》经典5.“子贡问政”。子曰：“足兵、足食、民信之矣”。“自古皆有死，民无信不立”。（论语颜渊篇）《中庸》——处世之道DoctrineofthemeanBythemean,Confuciusmeantthatallthingsconnectedwithmanshouldstriketheproper,andshouldn’tgobeyondorfallshortofit.中庸之道1.或曰：“以德抱怨何如？”(论语.宪问篇)子曰：“何以报德？”“以直报怨，以德报德”。2.子贡问：“师与商也孰贤？”子曰：“师也过，商也不及。”曰：“然则师愈与？”子曰：“过犹不及。”(论语.先进篇)3.子游曰：“事君数，斯辱矣；朋友数，斯疏矣。”（论语.里仁篇）TheDoctrineoftheMeanTheDoctrineoftheMeanisanotheressayinTheBookofRites.ItisabouttheConfucianphilosophyoflife.AccordingtotheConfucianscholarsoftheSongDynasty,whileTheGreatLearningisagatewaytoperfectvirtue,TheDoctrineoftheMeanteachesthewaysoftheworld.TheMean,atypicalConfucianconcept,iscomposedoftwoChinesecharacters.Zhongmeansneithertoomanynortoofew,neithertoomuchnortoolittle;andyongmeansneitheroutstandingnorcommon.TheDoctrineoftheMean喜怒哀乐之未发，谓之中；发而皆中节，谓之和。中也者，天下之大本也；和也者，天下之达道也。致中和，天地位焉，万物育焉。中庸之道阐旧邦以辅新命；极高明而道中庸。——冯友兰