搜索
Solutions1Chapter1SolutionsS-31.1Personalcomputer(includesworkstationandlaptop):Personalcomputersemphasizedeliveryofgoodperformancetosingleusersatlowcostandusuallyexecutethird-partysoftware.Personalmobiledevice(PMD,includestablets):PMDsarebatteryoperatedwithwirelessconnectivitytotheInternetandtypicallycosthundredsofdollars,and,likePCs,userscandownloadsoftware(“apps”)torunonthem.UnlikePCs,theynolongerhaveakeyboardandmouse,andaremorelikelytorelyonatouch-sensitivescreenorevenspeechinput.Server:Computerusedtorunlargeproblemsandusuallyaccessedviaanetwork.Warehousescalecomputer:Thousandsofprocessorsformingalargecluster.Supercomputer:Computercomposedofhundredstothousandsofprocessorsandterabytesofmemory.Embeddedcomputer:Computerdesignedtorunoneapplicationoronesetofrelatedapplicationsandintegratedintoasinglesystem.1.2a.PerformanceviaPipeliningb.DependabilityviaRedundancyc.PerformanceviaPredictiond.MaketheCommonCaseFaste.HierarchyofMemoriesf.PerformanceviaParallelismg.DesignforMoore’sLawh.UseAbstractiontoSimplifyDesign1.3Theprogramiscompiledintoanassemblylanguageprogram,whichisthenassembledintoamachinelanguageprogram.1.4a.12801024pixels1,310,720pixels1,310,72033,932,160bytes/frame.b.3,932,160bytes(8bits/byte)/100E6bits/second0.31seconds1.5a.performanceofP1(instructions/sec)3109/1.52109performanceofP2(instructions/sec)2.5109/1.02.5109performanceofP3(instructions/sec)4109/2.21.8109S-4Chapter1Solutionsb.cycles(P1)10310930109scycles(P2)102.510925109scycles(P3)10410940109sc.No.instructions(P1)30109/1.520109No.instructions(P2)25109/125109No.instructions(P3)40109/2.218.18109CPInewCPIold1.2,thenCPI(P1)1.8,CPI(P2)1.2,CPI(P3)2.6fNo.instr.CPI/time,thenf(P1)201091.8/75.14GHzf(P2)251091.2/74.28GHzf(P1)18.181092.6/76.75GHz1.6a.ClassA:105instr.ClassB:2105instr.ClassC:5105instr.ClassD:2105instr.TimeNo.instr.CPI/clockrateTotaltimeP1(105210525105321053)/(2.5109)10.4104sTotaltimeP2(1052210525105221052)/(3109)6.66104sCPI(P1)10.41042.5109/1062.6CPI(P2)6.661043109/1062.0b.clockcycles(P1)105121052510532105326105clockcycles(P2)1052210525105221052201051.7a.CPITexecf/No.instr.CompilerACPI1.1CompilerBCPI1.25b.fB/fA(No.instr.(B)CPI(B))/(No.instr.(A)CPI(A))1.37c.TA/Tnew1.67TB/Tnew2.27Chapter1SolutionsS-51.81.8.1C2DP/(V2*F)Pentium4:C3.2E–8FCorei5IvyBridge:C2.9E–8F1.8.2Pentium4:10/10010%Corei5IvyBridge:30/7042.9%1.8.3(SnewDnew)/(SoldDold)0.90DnewCVnew2FSoldVoldISnewVnewITherefore:Vnew[Dnew/(CF)]1/2Dnew0.90(SoldDold)SnewSnewVnew(Sold/Vold)Pentium4:SnewVnew(10/1.25)Vnew8Dnew0.90100Vnew890Vnew8Vnew[(90Vnew8)/(3.2E83.6E9)]1/2Vnew0.85VCorei5:SnewVnew(30/0.9)Vnew33.3Dnew0.9070Vnew33.363Vnew33.3Vnew[(63Vnew33.3)/(2.9E83.4E9)]1/2Vnew0.64V1.91.9.1p#arithinst.#L/Sinst.#branchinst.cyclesex.timespeedup12.56E91.28E92.56E87.94E1039.7121.83E99.14E82.56E85.67E1028.31.449.12E84.57E82.56E82.83E1014.22.884.57E82.29E82.56E81.42E107.105.6S-6Chapter1Solutions1.9.2pex.time141.0229.3414.687.331.9.331.101.10.1diearea15cmwaferarea/diesperwaferpi*7.52/842.10cm2yield15cm1/(1(0.020*2.10/2))20.9593diearea20cmwaferarea/diesperwaferpi*102/1003.14cm2yield20cm1/(1(0.031*3.14/2))20.90931.10.2cost/die15cm12/(84*0.9593)0.1489cost/die20cm15/(100*0.9093)0.16501.10.3diearea15cmwaferarea/diesperwaferpi*7.52/(84*1.1)1.91cm2yield15cm1/(1(0.020*1.15*1.91/2))20.9575diearea20cmwaferarea/diesperwaferpi*102/(100*1.1)2.86cm2yield20cm1/(1(0.03*1.15*2.86/2))20.90821.10.4defectsperarea0.92(1–y^.5)/(y^.5*die_area/2)(10.92^.5)/(0.92^.5*2/2)0.043defects/cm2defectsperarea0.95(1–y^.5)/(y^.5*die_area/2)(10.95^.5)/(0.95^.5*2/2)0.026defects/cm21.111.11.1CPIclockrateCPUtime/instr.countclockrate1/cycletime3GHzCPI(bzip2)3109750/(2389109)0.941.11.2SPECratioref.time/executiontimeSPECratio(bzip2)9650/75012.861.11.3.CPUtimeNo.instr.CPI/clockrateIfCPIandclockratedonotchange,theCPUtimeincreaseisequaltotheincreaseintheofnumberofinstructions,thatis10%.Chapter1SolutionsS-71.11.4CPUtime(before)No.instr.CPI/clockrateCPUtime(after)1.1No.instr.1.05CPI/clockrateCPUtime(after)/CPUtime(before)1.11.051.155.Thus,CPUtimeisincreasedby15.5%.1.11.5SPECratioreferencetime/CPUtimeSPECratio(after)/SPECratio(before)CPUtime(before)/CPUtime(after)1/1.15550.86.TheSPECratioisdecreasedby14%.1.11.6CPI(CPUtimeclockrate)/No.instr.CPI7004109/(0.852389109)1.371.11.7Clockrateratio4GHz/3GHz1.33CPI@4GHz1.37,CPI@3GHz0.94,ratio1.45Theyaredifferentbecause,althoughthenumberofinstructionshasbeenreducedby15%,theCPUtimehasbeenreducedbyalowerpercentage.1.11.8700/7500.933.CPUtimereduction:6.7%1.11.9No.instr.CPUtimeclockrate/CPINo.instr.9600.94109/1.6121461091.11.10ClockrateNo.instr.CPI/CPUtime.ClockratenewNo.instr.CPI/0.9CPUtime1/0.9clockrateold3.33GHz1.11.11ClockrateNo.instr.CPI/CPUtime.ClockratenewNo.instr.0.85CPI/0.80CPUtime0.85/0.80,clockrateold3.18GHz1.12