I摘要本文围绕企业并购的税收问题进行研究,研究目的是正确理解和运用企业与并购相关的税收政策,并在此基础上,提出增加企业并购交易价值的税收筹划对策。企业并购理论关于税收的论述主要可以分为两个方面:一是税收协同效应是企业并购的一个重要动因;二是并购能够提高财务杠杆,而财务杠杆的提高又能带来税盾效应。本文认为,理解企业并购的税收问题应以并购的法律形式为基础,不同于经济学和会计角度的并购概念。经济学强调企业控制权运动的本质,国际会计准则同时强调控制权、经营权和经济主体的概念。税收筹划必须在现行法律框架内进行,可以接受税收规避,但不能接受税收逃避。企业并购税收筹划的最终意义在于增加企业并购交易的价值。我国企业并购涉及的税种有所得税、增值税、营业税、契税、印花税和土地增值税等。所得税以外的税种适用在一般情况下不区分投资主体。企业并购的所得税处理规定比较复杂,缺乏系统性和规范性,表现在两个方面。一是区分投资主体。对内资企业、外商投资企业和外国投资者并购境内企业分别做出规定。二是并购概念和分类不规范,存在合并、兼并、股权转让、股权重组、整体资产转让、整体资产置换、资产转让、对外投资等诸多概念和分类。本文以所得税为重点对企业并购的税收处理进行了分析,并指出会计处理和税法处理的差异、税法规定存在的问题,对不同投资主体的适用规定的作了比较分析。发达市场经济国家对企业并购的免税规定虽然比较具体,但是其蕴含的原则,具有重要参考价值。主要原则有权益持续原则、经营持续原则和商业目的原则。发达市场经济国家的税收规定和我国的税收规定的差别主要体现在四个方面,即税法体系差异导致适用税种不同,对并购认识的差异导致规范角度不同,优惠待遇范围不一致,税收立法层次不同。本文认为,通过税收筹划,可以在三个方面增加企业并购交易的价值。最主要的方面是规划并取得税收协同效应。规划税收协同效应应主要从三个方面考虑:营运净亏损的结转、资产重新评估以增大资产基数和资产折旧额、资产收益对普通收入的替代。第二个方面是控制交易前的税收风险减少甚至避免不必要的税收支出,包括对并购个案进行审慎性调查和对目标企业进行税收审计。第三个方面参与并购架构的安排,主要包括选择合适的并购方式、确定支付工具或工具组合,充分利用税收优惠政策等。关键词:企业并购税收筹划税收协同效应价值IIAbstractMyresearchrelatestothetaxissuesoftheMergersandAcquisitions.ThepurposeoftheresearchistohelpreaderstocomprehendandapplythetaxpoliciesconcerningM&As.AndthatwilllaythefoundationoftaxplanningsolutionstothevalueenhancementofM&As.TheM&Atheoriesmainlyhavetwoconclusionsabouttax.ThefirstisthatmanyM&Acaseshavethetaxsynergiesastheirinitialgoal.ThesecondisthatthefinancialleverincreasedbytheM&Asbringstaxshieldinteresttoinvestors.Thisthesisarguesthat,thecomprehensionoftaxissuesofM&AsshallbaseonthejuristicconceptofM&As.TheeconomicconceptofM&AsemphasizesthemovementofthecontrolrightswhiletheGAAPsimultaneouslyemphasizesonthecontrolrights,thebusinessrightsandthebusinessentity.ThetaxplanningofM&Asshouldbeconductedundertheframeworkofcontemporarylawandregulations.ThefundamentalmeaningoftaxplanningofM&AsistoenhancevalueoftheM&Adeals.ThetaxcategoriesconcerningtheM&AsinChinaincludetheIncomeTaxofEnterprises,theValueAddedTax,theBusinessTax,theDeedTax,theStampTax,theLandAppreciationTaxandetc.NormallythetaxesotherthantheIncomeTaxofEnterprisesdonotdifferentiatetheinvestors.TheIncomeTaxofEnterpriseslawsandregulationsisquitecomplexintwoaspects.First,thelawsandregulationsdifferentiatetheinvestorsamongdomesticinvestedenterprises,foreigninvestedenterprisesandforeigninvestors.Second,theconceptandclassificationofM&Asareanomaloussincetherearetermslikecombination,merger,sharesale,sharereorganization,wholeassetsale,wholeassetexchangeandexternalinvestmentetcintherelatinglawsandregulations.ThethesisemphaticallyanalyzestheincometaxapplicationinM&Asandpointsoutthedifferencesbetweenbookaccountingandtaxissues,theproblemsoflawsandregulations.Inorderforatransactiontobegivennon-recognitiontreatment,thedevelopedcountriesliketheUSAhaveimportantprinciplesthoughtheyalsoenactspecifictaxrulesonM&As.Amongtheprincipals,theprincipleofcontinuityofinterest,theprincipleofcontinuityofbusinessenterpriseandtheprincipleofbusinesspurposecanbereferredtowhileChinaisamendtheliketaxrules.ComparedwiththedevelopedIIIcountries,Chinahasdifferenttaxcategories,differentunderstandingofM&As,anddifferentlevelsoftaxlawsandregulations.Thethesisarguesthat,throughcarefultaxplanning,theinvestorscanenhancethevalueofM&Adealsinthreeways.First,investorscanplanandgaintheexpectedtaxsynergies.ThetaxsynergiesarecomposedofthehandlingofNetOperatingLosses(NOL),theenlargementofassetvaluethroughassetevaluationandthereplacementofnormalincomebyassetincome.Secondly,theinvestorscanavoidunnecessarytaxcostbycontrollingthetaxrisksbeforeM&Adeals.Thetaxrisksarereducedbyduediligenceandtaxaudits.Thirdly,theinvestorscanparticipateinthedecisionmakingofM&Astructureinordertogaintaxinterests.TheM&Adealmode,thepaymentmethodandthefulluseoftaxpreferentialtreatmentarebasicallyconsidered.Keywords:MergersandAcquisitionstaxplanningtaxsynergyvalueIV目录导论.............................................................1第一章税收视角下的企业并购.......................................5第一节与税收相关的企业并购理论.......................................................................5第二节税收要素与企业并购...................................................................................9第三节企业并购税收筹划的作用.........................................................................14第二章我国企业并购的税收处理及分析..............................18第一节所得税处理及分析.....................................................................................18第二节增值税等其他税种的处理及分析.............................................................28第三节外资并购的税收处理及分析.....................................................................32第三章国外对企业并购的税收处理及分析............................42第一节美国对企业并购的税收处理及分析........................................................42第二节英国对企业并购的税收处理及分析........................................................46第三节瑞士对企业并购的税收处理及分析........................................................48第四章企业并购税收筹划的对策....................................52第一节企业并购税收风险的控制.........................................................................52第二节税收协同效应的规划.................................................................................54第三节并购架构设计的参与................