工程硕士研究生英语基础教程

工程硕士研究生英语基础教程英汉语言对比肖小芳了解英语英语语法1,onepartofspeech:Verb2.twomainmembersofsentence:subjectandpredicatePayattentiontowordorder,inversion,ellipsis,andagreementbetweensubjectandpredicate.3.threetypesofnon-finiteverbs:Infinitive,Gerund,andParticiple;Threecomplexsentences:Noun,Adjectival(attributive)andAdverbialClauses.4.FourkindsofNounclauses:Object,subject,predicativeandappositive.5.Fivekindsofsimplesentence:S+V(subject+intransitiveverb)S+V+OS+V+P(subject+Linkverb+predicative)S+V+in.O+directobjectS+V+O+O.C(subject+transitiveverb+object+objectcomplement)6.Sixkindsofattributiveplacedafterthemodifiedword（后置定语）:attributiveclause,participlephrases,infinitive,prepositionalphrases,adverb,andadjectivesafterindefinitepronouns.1)Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.ThisisthecompanywhereIworkedtwoyearsago.Thisistheplacethat/whichwevisitedlastautumn.2)Thewomantalkingwithourmonitorisournewphysicsteacher.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.3)Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Haveyouanythingtosayonthisquestion?4)Theladywiththefanisanactress.5)Theyliveintheroomabove.Doyouseethebigdamthere?6)Thereissomethingwrongwithhim.IthinkI’dcomeandseeiftheyhadanythingnew.7.Sevenmembersofsentence:subject,predicate,object,predicative,objectcomplement,attributiveandadverbial8.Eightkindsofpronoun1)personalpron.2)possessive3)reflexive4)indefinite5)demonstrative6)reciprocal7)interrogative8)relative9.Ninedifferentkindsofadverbialclause:10.Tenpartsofspeech:thenoun,thepronoun,thenumeral,theadjective,theverb,theadverb,thearticle,thepreposition,theconjunction,theinterjection感叹词.九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词时间状语从句when,while,as,before,after,assoonas,till,until,not…until,thefirst/second…/lasttime,themoment,theminute,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…thanwhere,whereverbecause,since,as,nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthatif,unless,now(that),as(so)longas,incase,onconditionthat,suppose/supposing,provided/providingalthough,though,eventhough/if,as,while,nomatterwhich/what/when/where/who/how,whichever,wherever,whatever,whoever,whenever,however,whether…or；地点状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词结果状语从句sothat,so…that,such…thatsothat,incase,forfearthat,lesthow,as,asif/asthoughthan,as…as,notso/as…as,the+比较级…,the+比较级…目的状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句IdentifythetypesoftheAdverbialClauses.1.WhileIwaswonderingatthis,ourschoolmastertookhisplace.()2.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.()3.Nowthat/Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.（）4.I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.()5.Socleverwasheastudentthathewasabletoworkoutallthedifficultproblems.()6.Aslongasyoudon’tloseheart,you’llsucceed.()7.Tryashemight,hecouldnotfindajob.()8.Theoldladytreatstheboyasifhewerehisownson.()时间地点原因目的结果条件让步方式英汉句式结构对比英语句型结构1,SvEg.Ironrusts.Theguestshavearrived.2,SvoEg.Liverpoolwonthegame.3,SVC（S+link.v+P主系表）Eg.Sheisingoodhealth.Theflowerssmellfragrant.4,SvoO间接直接Davidshowedmetheway.Marylentmehercar.5,SVOC主谓+宾语+宾补Thedirectorappointedhimsalesmanager.Wealthmakesmanypeopleselfish.中文句式结构I.主谓结构（S+V）1)他没来。（S+V）2）全家人都在看电视。（S+V+O）3）我们看到很多人站在广场上。(S+V+O+O.C)4）你能递给我那本书吗？SvoO5）你看上去很失望。（S+link.v+P主系表）1.Hedidn’tcome.2.ThefamilyarewatchingTV.3.Wesawmanypeoplestandingonthesquare.4.Wouldyoupleasepassmethebook?5.Helooksdisappointed.话题结构与主谓结构主语本质上是语法化了的话题相比之下，在语法方面，英语选择了主语，汉语选了话题，以及“把”字结构和“被”字结构。“典型的主语既是主题也是施事。”(Comrie1981)英语是主谓结构(subject-predicatestructure)的语言。中国语言学家赵元任(Chao,1968:69)指出:“汉语句子中主语和谓语的语法意义是主题(topic)和述题(comment),而不是动作者(actor)和动作(action)。”Li和Thompson(1975)在其SubjectandTopic一书中提出:“语言有四种基本类型:1)注重主语(Subject-prominent)的语言;2)注重主题(Topic-prominent)的语言;3)主语和主题都注重的语言;4)主语与主题都不注重的语言。”他提出英语属于注重主语(简称SP)的语言,而汉语则属于注重主题(简称TP)的语言。话题(topic),又称主题。II.汉语的主题—评述句（Topic+Comment/Theme+Rheme）1）大象，鼻子长。2）吃，武汉很方便。3）成百万原来享受免费医疗的城市居民，今后的医疗费用要自己承担一部分。4）搞西洋画的，生活环境也应该洋一点。5）楼上住着一个女工。6）今晚开会吗？7）中国幅员辽阔，人口众多，物产资源丰富。1.Theelephanthasalongnose.2.VariousrestaurantsareavailableinWuhan./ItiseasytofindvariousrestaurantsinWuhan.3.Millionsofurbanresidentswhowereentitledtofreemedicalcarewillhavetopaypartoftheirmedicalexpenses.4.ThosewhospecializeinWesternpaintingshouldliveinanenvironmentofWesternstyles./thosewhospecializeinWesternpaintingshouldhavealivingenvironmentofWesternstyles.5.Therelivesawomanworkerupstairs./Awomanworkerlivesupstairs.6.Chinaboastsvastland,alargepopulationandabundantresources.III.无主句（Zero–subjectStructure）在海拔3000米的高空采集到了这种空气样本。Thisairsamplehasbeencollectedatthealtitudeof3,000meters.违反法律，就必须受到法律的惩罚。Thosewhobreakthelawsmustbepunishedbylaws.只有改革创新，才能促进经济的快速发展。Onlythroughreformandinnovationcanwepromotetherapiddevelopmentofeconomyandsociety.学这一套，不如去学照相。Itisbettertolearnphotographingthantolearnthisstuff.英汉句法对比意合与形合形合hypotaxis，指语言中的词与词，句与句的结合主要凭借词形变化，关系词、连接词等显性手段。意合parataxis，指语言中的词与词，句与句的结合主要依靠语义上的关系和联想达成，这种结合在外部形态上没有明显的标志，交际双方根据语境和语感对语句作出正确的解码。①我常见许多青年的朋友，②聪明用功，③成绩优异，④而语文程度不足以表达，⑤甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。（梁实秋《学问与趣味》）①Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanyyoungfriends,②brightanddiligent,③doexceedinglywellinstudies,④buttheyareratherweakinChinese,⑤evencan’twriteasmoo