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助动词及其用法一.概念:助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种.二.相关知识点精讲:1.助动词be的用法1）be+现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：Theyarehavingameeting.他们正在开会。Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.英语现在越来越重要。2）be+过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom..窗户是汤姆打碎的。Englishistaughtthroughouttheworld.世界各地都教英语。3）be+动词不定式，可表示下列内容：a.表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：HeistogotoNewYorknextweek..他下周要去纽约。Wearetoteachthefreshmen.我们要教新生。说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b.表示命令。例如：Youaretoexplainthis.对此你要做出解释。Heistocometotheofficethisafternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。c.征求意见。例如：HowamItoanswerhim?我该怎样答复他？Whoistogothere?谁该去那儿呢？d.表示相约、商定。例如：Wearetomeetattheschoolgateatseventomorrowmorning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。2.助动词have的用法1）have+过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：HehasleftforLondon.他已去了伦敦。Bytheendoflastmonth,theyhadfinishedhalfoftheirwork.上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。2）have+been+现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：IhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears.我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。3）have+been+过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：EnglishhasbeentaughtinChinaformanyyears.中国教英语已经多年。3.助动词do的用法1）构成一般疑问句。例如：DoyouwanttopasstheCET?你想通过大学英语测试吗？DidyoustudyGerman?你们学过德语吗？2）do+not构成否定句。例如：Idonotwanttobecriticized.我不想挨批评。Hedoesn'tliketostudy.他不想学习。Inthepast,manystudentsdidnotknowtheimportanceofEnglish.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3）构成否定祈使句。例如：Don'tgothere.不要去那里。Don'tbesoabsent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。说明：构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：Docometomybirthdayparty.一定来参加我的生日宴会。Ididgothere.我确实去那儿了。Idomissyou.我确实想你。5）用于倒装句。例如：NeverdidIhearofsuchathing.我从未听说过这样的事情。OnlywhenwebeginourcollegelifedowerealizetheimportanceofEnglish.进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so,well等。6）用作代动词。例如：----DoyoulikeBeijing?--你喜欢北京吗？----Yes,Ido.--是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替likeBeijing.）Heknowshowtodriveacar,doesn'the?他知道如何开车，对吧？4.助动词shall和will的用法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：IshallstudyharderatEnglish.我将更加努力地学习英语。HewillgotoShanghai.他要去上海。说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:Heshallcome.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）Hewillcome.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）5.助动词should,would的用法1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：ItelephonedhimyesterdaytoaskwhatIshoulddonextweek.我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。比较：WhatshallIdonextweek?Iasked.我下周干什么？我问道。可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：Hesaidhewouldcome.他说他要来。比较：Iwillgo,hesaid.他说：我要去那儿。变成间接引语，就成了Hesaidhewouldcome。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。1.Ifitisfinetomorrow,we______afootballmatch.a.haveb.willhavec.hasd.shallhas2.Whenhewasatschool,he______earlyandtakeawalkbeforebreakfast.a.willriseb.shallriseb.shouldrisewouldrise3.Inthepast30yearsChina______greatadvancesinthesocialistrevolutionandsocialistconstruction.a.hasmadeb.havemadec.hadmaded.havingmade4.I______gotobeduntilI______finishedmywork.a.don’t/hadb.didn’t/havec.didn’t/hadd.don’t/have5.______youthinkhe______backbydinnertime?a.Do/havecomeb.Did/willhavecomec.Does/willcomed.Do/willhavecome6.Hesaidthathedroppedhisbagwhenhe______forthebus.a.wasruningb.wasrunningc.wererunningd.isrunning7.Nosooner______hearrivedhomethanhe______tostartonanotherjourney.a.has/wasaskedb.have/wereaskedc.had/isaskedd.had/wasasked8.“______yougivemearoomforthenight?”Iaskedonarrivingatthehotel.a.Shouldb.Canc.Mightd.May9.Therearenineofthem,so______getintothecaratthesametime.a.theymaynotatallb.alltheymaynotc.theycan’talld.alltheycan’t10.“Wedidn’tseehimatthelectureyesterday.”“He______it.”a.mustn’tattendb.cannothaveattendedc.wouldhavenotattendedd.needn’thaveattended11.“Yourealizethatyouweredrivingat100mph,don’tyou?”“No,officer.I______.Thiscarcan’tdomorethan80.”a.didn’tneedtobeb.maynothavebeenc.couldn’thavebeend.needn’thavebeen12.hewasagoodrunnersohe______escapefromthepolice.a.mightb.succeededtoc.wouldd.wasableto13.Ifthey______,ourplanwillfallflat.a.areco-operatingb.hadnotco-operatedc.won’tco-operated.didn’tco-operate14.Ihoped______myletter.a.hertoanswerb.thatshewouldanswerc.thatsheanswersd.heranswering15.He______liveinthecountrythaninthecity.a.prefersb.likestoc.hadbetterd.wouldrather16.______toseeafilmwithustoday?a.Didyoulikeb.Wouldyoulikec.Willyouliked.Haveyouliked17.I’msorry,butIhadnoalternative.Isimply______whatIdid.a.mustdob.hadtodoc.oughttohavedoned.havetodo18.“Timeisrunningout,______?”a.hadn’twebettergotstartb.hadn’twebettergetstartc.hadn’twebettergetstartedd.hadn’twebetternotstarted19.Noone______thattohisface.a.daressayb.daressayingc.daresayd.daretosay20.Thestudentsintheclassroom______nottomakesomuchnoise.a.needb.oughtc.mustd.dare21.You______lastweekifyouwerereallyseriousaboutyourwork.a.oughttocomeb.oughttobecomingc.oughthavecomed.oughttohavecome22.Theelephantsought______hoursagobythekeepers.a.tobefedb.tofeedc.tobeingfedd.tohavebeenfed23.“Iwonderwhythey’relate.”“They______thetrain.”a.canhavemissedb.couldmissc.mayhavemissedd.mightmiss24.“Tomgraduatedfromcollegeataveryyoungage.”“He______havebeenanoutstandingstudent.”a.mustb.couldc.shouldd.might25.You______theexaminationagainsinceyouhadalreadypassedit.a.needn’thavetakenb.didn’tneedtotakec.needn’ttaked.mustn’ttake26.Heisreallyincompetent!Theletter______yesterday.a.shouldbefinishedtypingb.mustbefinishedtypingc.musthavefin