英语单词的上下义关系

Hyponymy-----上下义关系OutlineDefinitionofhyponymySuperordinateandsubordinateUseofsuperordinateandsubordinateSomedetailsoutofthebookHyponymy上下义关系Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Hyponym(subordinate)下义词Hyperonym(superordinate)上义词Exampleroselilytulip……flowerExampleparrotsparroworiole……birdAttention:Hyponymycanbedescribesintermsoftree-likegraphs,withhigher-ordersuperordinatesabovethelowersubordinate.Theirstatuseitherassuperordinateorsubordinateisrelativetootherterms.Tree-likegraphsLivingthingscreatureplantanimalinsecthorsedogpigcockroachmarevegetableflowertreecabbagerosepinehoundswineTreessurroundthewaternearoursummerplace.Oldelmssurroundthelakenearoursummercabin.Imetawriterwhoistherelationofapolitician.ImetanewspaperreporterwhoisthebrotherofSenatorBuckley.Subordinates:concreteprecisevividSuperordinate:generalvagueHowever,thisdoesnotmeanthatsubordinatearebetterthansuperordinate.Shelikesdogsandotheranimals.Thereisnoflowermorebeautifulthanarose.Ilikeallfruitsexceptbananas.Shereadsbookallday–mostlynovels.Distinction:HyponymyandMeronymyMeronymy[mərə‘nɪmɪ]n.thesemanticrelationthatholdsbetweenapartandthewhole整体部分关系1、therelationshipbetweenthewholeanditsmembership整体和成员之间的关系e.g.学生——小学生、中学生、大学生…...车——轿车、客车、吉普车、卡车…...★Hyponymy构成上下义2、therelationshipbetweenthewholeanditscomponent整体与其构件的关系e.g.火车——车头、车厢、车尾……人——头、胳膊、手、脚……★部分代表不了整体，不能构成上下义关系钢琴、小提琴、长笛——乐器Musicalinstruments钢笔、粉笔——笔Penchalk----没有对应的上义词AttentionAttention:词的上下义关系和词义表达的团体与成员或单位和部门的关系区别开例：消防队——消防员班级——学生大学——系医院——外科★不是上下义关系Reference