认知语用学

Chapter1cognitivepragmatics:anoverview马晓媛Chapter1cognitivepragmatics:anoverview1.introductionA.pragmaticsisoftendescribedasthestudyoflanguageuse,incontrastwiththestudyoflanguagestructure.B.thegoalofpragmaticsistoexplainhowthegapbetweensentencemeaningandspeaker’smeaningisbridged.C.mainissues:a.thetermpragmaticsb.themaincontributionsofcognitivepragmaticsc.theapproachestocognitivepragmaticsd.therelationshipbetweencognitivepragmaticsandcognitivelinguisticse.thedevelopingtrendsofcognitivepragmatics2.Anoverviewofpragmatics2.1theoriginoftheterm“pragmatics”CharlesMorris’sFoundationsoftheTheoryofSigns(1938)a.syntactics,beingthestudyof“theformalrelationofsignstooneanother”b.semantics,thestudyof“therelationofsignstotheobjectstowhichthesignsareapplicable”c.pragmatics,thestudyof“therelationofsignstointerpreters”(Withinsemiotics,Morrisdistinguishesthreedistinctbranchesofinquiry,wecancallittrichotomy.)RudolfCarnap’sIntroductiontoSemantics(1959)a.pragmatics,aninvestigationexplicitreferenceismadetothespeaker,ortoputitinmoregeneralterms,totheuserofthelanguage.b.semantics,weabstractfromtheuserofthelanguageandanalyzeonlytheexpressionsandtheirdesignationc.syntax,weabstractfromthedesignationalsoandanalyzeonlytherelationsbetweentheexpressions.(afterthetrichotomy,pragmaticsbecomewidelyused.)2.2DefinitionofPragmaticslevinsonpragmaticsisthestudyofallthoseaspectsofmeaningnotcapturedinasemantictheory.crudelypragmatics=meaning-truthconditions2.3TheHistoricalDevelopmentofPragmaticsa,J.AustinHowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)b,J.R.SearleSpeechAct(1969)IndirectSpeechAct(1975)c,PaulGriceWilliamJameslecturesabout“logicandconversation”(1975)d.HartmutHaberland&JacobL.MeyJournalofPragmatics……3.FromPhilosophyofLanguagetoCognitiveScience3.1Griceanphilosophyapproachtolanguagea.Gricetakeaphilosophicalapproachtopragmatics.b.Griceintroducesnewconceptualtool,implicature.c.Griceshowsthatthegapbetweenthesemanticsofformalandnaturallanguagescouldatleastbereducedbysharplydistinguishingsentencemeaningfromspeaker’smeaning,thisbecomethefoundationofmostmodernpragmatics.d.Grice’sbasicclaimisthatwhenanutterancehasseverallinguisticallypossibleinterpretations,thebesthypothesisforthehearertochooseistheonethatbestsatisfiestheco-operativeprincipleandmaxims.e.g.Steve:areyougoingtothebigpartythisweekend?sally:didn’tyouhearthatbobIisgoingtobethere?(listenersareexpectedtodriveanappropriateconversationalimplicatureastowhatthespeakermusthaveintendedtocommunicateincontext,giventheassumptionthatheorshewastryingtobecooperative)3.2ThemainproblemsofGrice’sapproach3.3Neo-GriceanPragmatictheorya.Grice’stheorylaidthefoundationfortheneo-Grecianpragmaticsandalsoregardedasthestartingpointforthedevelopmentofcognitivepragmatics.b.Neo-Griceanshavetendedtofocusongeneralisedconversationalimplicatures.e.g.A:someofmyfriendsarephilosophers.A’:notallmyfriendsarephilosophers.c.Neo-Griceansandfornalpragmatistshavelittletosayaboutparticularizedimplicatures,theresultisasignificantnarrowinginthedomainofpragmaticresearch.3.4theemergenceofcognitivepragmaticsa.Itwasjusttherapiddevelopmentandmaturityofcognitivesciencethatprovidedthestudyofpragmaticswithanewinsightfulperspective.b.Thenotion“cognitivepragmatics”hasbeenusedsincethemid-1980s,infact,thetheoreticalworkinpragmaticsthatcanbeincludedincognitivepragmaticshasbeendonebyphilosopherssincethe1960s.c.Basedonthephilosophicalfoundationofpragmaticsandthedevelopmentofcognitivescience,cognitivepragmaticscomeintobeing.4.Thecentralissuesofcognitivepragmatics4.1twoprinciplesofrelevance(关联原则)a.Relevanceisdefinedasapropertyofinputstocognitiveprocesses.Aninputisrelevanttoanindividualwhenitconnectswithavailablecontextualassumptionstoyieldpositivecognitiveeffects.b.relevancetheoryisbasedontwofundamentalclaims,oneaboutcognition,theotheraboutcommunication.(1)humancognitiontendstobegearedtothemaximizationofrelevance人类认知倾向于同最大关联相吻合。(2)everyactofovertcommunicationcommunicatesapresumptionofitsownoptimalrelevance.每一个明示的交际行为都应设想为它本身具有最佳关联。Wantinghercommunicationtosucceed,thecommunicator,bytheveryactofcommunicating,indicatesthatshewantstheaudiencetoseeherutteranceasrelevant,andthisiswhatthecommunicativeprincipleofrelevancestates.c.presumptionofoptimalrelevance(最大关联假设):(1)theutteranceisrelevantenoughtobeworththeaddressee’sefforttoprocessit.(2)theutteranceisthemostrelevantonecompatiblewiththecommunicator’sabilitiesandpreferences.4.2Non-demonstrativeInference(非论证性推理)Thegoalofinferentialpragmaticsistoexplainhowthehearerinfersthespeaker’smeaningonthebasisoftheevidenceprovided.SperberandWilsonoutlinedamodelofostensive-inferentialcommunication,theyassumedthattheprocessofinferentialcomprehensionisnon-demonstrative:evenunderthebestcircumstances,communicationmayfail.4.3cognitivecontextThenotionofcognitivecontextisfirstproposedbySperberandWilsonintheirbookRelevance:CommunicationandCognitioninacomparisonwiththestudyoftraditionalcontext.Itwasdefinedas“thesetofpremisesusedininterpretinganutteranceconstituteswhatisgenerallyknownasthecontext.Ancontextisapsychologicalconst