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WhatisTranscendentalism?•Transcendentalismwasaliterarymovementthatflourishedduringthemiddle19thCentury(1836–1860).•ItbeganasarebellionagainsttraditionallyheldbeliefsbytheEnglishChurchthatGodsupersededtheindividual.•TranscendentalistsdepartedfromorthodoxCalvinisminthattheybelievedintheimportanceandefficacyofhumanstriving,asopposedtothebleakerPuritanpictureofcompleteandinescapablehumandepravity.CoreBeliefsofTranscendentalism•Findingitsrootintheword“transcend,”Transcendentalistsbelievedindividualscouldtranscendtoahigherbeingofexistenceinnature.•Godislocatedinthesoulofeachindividual.•Humanity’spotentialislimitless.•Experienceisvaluedoverscholarship.•Forthetranscendentalists,thesoulofeachindividualisidenticalwiththesouloftheworldandcontainswhattheworldcontains.TranscendentalistswantedtorejuvenatethemysticalaspectsofNewEnglandCalvinismandtogobacktoJonathanEdwards'divineandsupernaturallight,impartedimmediatelytothesoulbythespiritofGod.•Transcendentalismisliterature,philosophicalandliterarymovementthatflourishedinNewEnglandfrom1836to1860.ItoriginatedamongasmallgroupofintellectualswhowerereactingagainsttheorthodoxyofCalvinism加尔文教派andtherationalismoftheUnitarianChurch,developinginsteadtheirownfaithcenteringonthedivinityofhumanityandthenaturalworld.•TranscendentalismderivedsomeofitsbasicidealisticconceptsfromromanticGermanphilosophy,andfromsuchEnglishauthorsasCarlyle,Coleridge,andWordsworth.ItsmysticalaspectswerepartlyinfluencedbyIndianandChinesereligiousteachings.•Althoughtranscendentalismwasneverarigorouslysystematicphilosophy,ithadsomebasictenetsthatweregenerallysharedbyitsadherents.ThebeliefsthatGodisimmanentineachpersonandinnatureandthatindividualintuitionisthehighestsourceofknowledgeledtoanoptimisticemphasisonindividualism,self-reliance,•andrejectionoftraditionalauthority.TheideasoftranscendentalismwereeloquentlyexpressedbyRalphWaldoEmersoninsuchessaysasNature《论自然》,andSelf-Reliance《论自立》andbyHenryDavidThoreauinhisbookWalden《瓦尔登湖》.•ProminenttranscendentalistsincludedRalphWaldoEmerson(拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生),HenryDavidThoreau（亨利·大卫·梭罗）.